Abstract
We show, by numerical calculations, that there exist three-types of stationary and spherically symmetric nontopological soliton solutions (NTS-balls) with large sizes in the coupled system consisting of a complex matter scalar field, a U(1) gauge field, and a complex Higgs scalar field that causes spontaneously symmetry breaking. Under the assumption of symmetries, the coupled system reduces to a dynamical system with three degrees of freedoms governed by an effective action. The effective potential in the action has stationary points. The NTS-balls with large sizes are described by bounce solutions that start off an initial stationary point, and traverse to the final stationary point, vacuum stationary point. According to the choice of the initial stationary point, there appear three types of NTS-balls: dust balls, shell balls, and potential balls with respect to their internal structures.
Highlights
A nontopological soliton (NTS) is a localized configuration of fields whose stability is guaranteed by a conserved Noether charge, and it can be interpreted as a condensation of bosonic particles in a bound state
We investigate the NTS solutions in the system that consists of a matter complex scalar field, a U(1) gauge field, and a complex Higgs scalar field that causes the spontaneous symmetry breaking
III, we show that the effective potential of the system has stationary points, and the bounce solutions that connect two of the stationary points represent NTS balls with large sizes
Summary
A nontopological soliton (NTS) is a localized configuration of fields whose stability is guaranteed by a conserved Noether charge, and it can be interpreted as a condensation of bosonic particles in a bound state. Natural extensions of the NTSs in a theory with a gauge field were studied in Refs. It was shown that stable gauged NTS solutions with a large amount of charge exist in a spontaneously broken gauge theory [20,21,22]. We investigate the NTS solutions in the system that consists of a matter complex scalar field, a U(1) gauge field, and a complex Higgs scalar field that causes the spontaneous symmetry breaking.
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