Abstract
We study the coupled system consisting of a complex matter scalar field, a U(1) gauge field, and a complex Higgs scalar field that causes spontaneously symmetry breaking. We show by numerical calculations that there are spherically symmetric nontopological soliton solutions. Homogeneous balls solutions, all fields take constant values inside the ball and in the vacuum state outside, appear in this system. It is shown that the homogeneous balls have the following properties: charge density of the matter scalar field is screened by counter charge cloud of the Higgs and gauge field everywhere; an arbitrary large size is allowed; energy density and pressure of the ball behave homogeneous nonrelativistic gas; a large ball is stable against dispersion into free particles and against decay into two smaller balls.
Highlights
A class of interesting excitations in field theories is solitons, i.e., nonlinear solutions localized in finite spatial regions
We study the system consisting of a complex scalar field as matter, a U(1) gauge field, and a complex Higgs scalar field that causes spontaneous symmetry breaking: a local Uð1Þ × global U(1) symmetry breaks to a global U(1) symmetry
We have studied the coupled system of a complex matter scalar field, a U(1) gauge field, and a complex Higgs scalar field with a potential that causes spontaneous symmetry breaking
Summary
A class of interesting excitations in field theories is solitons, i.e., nonlinear solutions localized in finite spatial regions. The topological solitons cannot relax to zero energy configurations due to conserved topological quantities The latter represent field configurations with the lowest energy for a fixed conserved charge in global U(1)-invariant theories, where the symmetry of the systems guarantee the stability. Coleman [2] showed the simplest example of nontopological solitons, so-called Q balls, can appear in a system of a self-interacting single complex scalar field. The charge density of the matter scalar field of a homogeneous ball is screened everywhere by a counter charge cloud of the Higgs and gauge fields, namely, perfect screening occurs [20]. A homogeneous ball with an arbitrarily large size is allowed in contrast to a gauged Q ball without a Higgs field has an upper limit of size.
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