Abstract
Considering that forests are crucial in the ecosystem of our planet and that forests provide timber products as well as several ecosystem services, it is evident that the application of sustainable forest operations (SFOs) is of substantial importance to achieve sustainable forest management (SFM). One of the most important issues to be evaluated when dealing with SFOs is limiting the disturbance and impacts related to logging. Harvesting activities can indeed alter the conditions of soil through compaction and litter removal which can also lead to modifications from the biological point of view, for example, diminishing the presence of soil microarthropods. While keeping these objectives in focus, the aim of the present study was to evaluate physico-chemical and biological impacts on forest soil in Mediterranean beech forests after forest logging with two different extraction systems, which are forestry-fitted farm tractors equipped with winch and forwarder. Specifically, authors aimed to investigate: (i) soil disturbance levels of ground-based extraction methods; (ii) soil disturbance levels of the applied forestry intervention; (iii) soil disturbance levels between winching-skidding and forwarding. Findings showed that the physical, chemical, and biological soil features were slightly disturbed by the forestry itself. In addition, forest operations and machine traffic showed clear soil disturbance, resulting in a substantial alteration of the characteristics. Between the two extraction techniques tested, winching caused less disturbance while forwarding had stronger impacts. However, it should be noted that these impact levels are found only on approximately 28% of the surface where operations were carried out. From the evidence gathered in this study, winching seems a less impactful extraction method in the studied context. On the other hand, to decrease the impact of forwarding, some technical adjustments such as bogie-tracks, as well as improved operator training, should be applied.
Highlights
Considering that forests are crucial in the ecosystem of our planet and that forests provide timber products as well as several ecosystem services, it is evident that the application of sustainable forest operations (SFOs) is of substantial importance to achieve sustainable forest management (SFM)
Findings showed that the physical, chemical, and biological soil features were slightly disturbed by the forestry itself
Ground-based operations via winching and forwarding impacted about 28% of the overall surface, with values in line with similar systems applied in different conditions [25,54,55]
Summary
Forests are crucial in the ecosystem of our planet. they provide timber products and several ecosystem services [1] such as carbon balance, hydrological protection, recreational opportunities and habitat provision [2–4]. Several approaches and behaviors can be helpful to achieve SFM Among these are innovating silvicultural treatments [7], valorizing residues through the development of innovative by-products [8] and adopting close-to-nature silviculture [9]. Another beneficial and fundamental approach in this context is developing sustainable forest operations (SFOs). This means practicing forest logging in a way that ensures high productivity and low costs (economic pillar), reduced impact on the environment referred to as the environmental pillar and safe working conditions for the operators that is the social pillar [10,11]
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