Abstract
espanolIntroduccion. En el embarazo se producen numerosos cambios fisiologicos en las gestantes los cuales pueden llegar a desencadenar potenciales complicaciones y enfermedades cardiovasculares o metabolicas tales como hipertension gestacional, hiperlipidemia y diabetes mellitus gestacional. Objetivo. Realizar una revision sistematica de la literatura con objeto de evaluar la relacion entre las variaciones del perfil lipidico durante el embarazo y el riesgo de padecer enfermedades metabolicas y cardiovasculares. Metodos. Se ha llevado a cabo una revision sistematica siguiendo las directrices del modelo PRISMA en la que se incluyeron 22 articulos. Los descriptores empleados incluyeron marcadores del perfil lipidico (HDL, LDL, TG y CT) y las principales patologias metabolicas y cardiovasculares. El idioma se restringio a espanol e ingles. La revision fue llevada a cabo durante el ano 2019. Resultados. Niveles elevados de colesterol total, LDL y trigliceridos durante el embarazo se asocian con un mayor riesgo de padecer preeclampsia y diabetes mellitus gestacional. Un mayor indice de masa corporal pre gestacional y una mayor ganancia ponderal se relacionan con mayor tasa hiperlipidemia lo cual conlleva a su vez alteraciones vasculares. Conclusiones. Se hace patente la necesidad de reforzar el control preventivo del peso materno trimestral y del perfil lipidico durante la gestacion con objeto de prevenir complicaciones del embarazo. Son necesarios estudios centrados en determinados resultados adversos perinatales tales como la macrosomia del recien nacido. EnglishBackground. Various changes occur during regnancy that, when exacerbated, could progress to metabolic and cardiovascular disorders such as gestational hypertension, hyperlipidemia, and gestational diabetes mellitus. Objective. To conduct a systematic review of the literature that evaluates the association between changes in lipid profile during pregnancy and the risk of developing metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Methods. We conducted a PRISMA systematic review of scientific databases. A total of 22 articles were finally included. Used search terms consisted of lipid profile biomarkers (HDL, LDL, triglycerides, total cholesterol) in combination with the most important metabolic and cardiovascular disorders. Language was restricted to Spanish and English. The review was conducted during 2019. Results. High levels of total cholesterol, LDL and triglycerides during pregnancy were found to be associated with increased risk of developing preeclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus. Higher pre-gestational BMI and elevated gestational weight gain were associated with increase rates of hyperlipidemia which is closely related to vascular pathologies. Conclusions. Fostering routine control of maternal weight during all trimesters of gestation and monitoring the lipid profile throughout pregnancy is necessary to prevent pregnancy adverse outcomes. New studies focused on specific perinatal outcomes such as neonatal macrosomia are required.
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