Abstract
Abstract. The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) modulates the lightning flash density (LFD) variability over India during premonsoon, monsoon and postmonsoon seasons. This study intends to shed light on the impact of ENSO phases on the LFD over the Indian subcontinent using the data obtained from Optical Transient Detector (OTD) and Lightning Imaging Sensors (LIS) onboard the Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) satellite. Results suggest the LFD over northeast India (NEI) and southern peninsular India (SPI) strengthened (weakened) during the warm (cold) phase of ENSO in the premonsoon season. During monsoon season, NNWI (north of northwest India) shows above (below) normal LFD in the cold (warm) ENSO phase. It is striking to note that there are three hot spots of LFD over the Indian land region which became more prominent during the monsoon seasons of the last decade. A widespread increase in LFD is observed all over India during the warm phase of ENSO in the postmonsoon season. A robust rise in graupel/snow concentration is found during the postmonsoon season over SPI in the ENSO warm phase, with the lowest fluctuations over the NEI and NNWI regions. The subtropical westerly jet stream is shifted south in association with the warm phase, accompanied by an increase in geopotential height (GPH) all over India for the same period. This exciting remark may explain the indirect influences of ENSO's warm phase on LFD during the postmonsoon season by pushing the mean position of the subtropical westerly towards southern latitudes. However, the marked increase in LFD is confined mostly over the NNWI in the cold ENSO phase.
Highlights
Lightning is a tremendous and inescapable atmospheric hazard that humankind has encountered throughout history (Cooray et al, 2007; Mills et al, 2010)
Irrespective of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) phases, the lightning flash density (LFD) peak is located over northeast India (NEI) during the premonsoon season, while its peak shifts to the north of northwest India (NNWI) in the monsoon season
Regardless of ENSO phases, the LFD is peaking at the time of the premonsoon season over NEI and southern peninsular India (SPI)
Summary
Lightning is a tremendous and inescapable atmospheric hazard that humankind has encountered throughout history (Cooray et al, 2007; Mills et al, 2010). The El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) is a naturally occurring planetary-scale phenomenon related to the variations in sea surface temperatures over the tropical Pacific Ocean, strongly influencing the number of flashes and average flash rate (Kumar and Kamra, 2012). It is one of the most dynamic climatic variability modes, characterized by three phases, namely El Niño (warm), La Niña (cold) and neutral. We are detailing the modulation of LFD under different ENSO phases with the help of a vertical profile of hydrometeors (graupel and snow) inside the cloud systems and related atmospheric dynamics during premonsoon (March–May), monsoon (June– September) and postmonsoon (October–December) seasons in India.
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