Abstract
The aim of this study was to determine the most effective anthropometric equations or bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA) devices for quantifying the sensitivity to change in fat-free mass (FFM) in elite young soccer players, in comparison with measurements using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA), between the pre- and mid-season. A total of 40 elite youth soccer players participated in this study. DXA values provided a criterion measure of FFM. Correlation coefficients, biases, limits of agreement, and differences were used as measures of sensitivity to change. All body density, skinfold, and anthropometric equations and BIA devices used to obtain FFM data showed positive and very large correlations (r from 0.70 to 0.89) with DXA. A significant increase in FFM was shown between time points using DXA, BIA, and all anthropometric equations (p < 0.01). The magnitudes of differences were small for DXA, BIA inbody and all anthropometric equations except those of Faulkner (1966), Durnin and Rahaman (1967), Brook (1971), and Sarría et al. (1998). Six anthropometric equations [Faulkner (1966), Durnin and Womersley (1974), Carter (1982), Slaughter et al. (1988), Reilly et al. (2009), and Munguia-Izquierdo et al. (2018)] and BIA Tanita showed no statistical differences compared to DXA, with a low bias. We concluded that the equations developed by Durnin and Womersley (1974), Carter (1982), Slaughter et al. (1988), Reilly et al. (2009), and Munguia-Izquierdo et al. (2018) showed the best sensitivity in assessing FFM changes between pre- and mid-season in elite youth soccer players.
Highlights
Body composition is a key fitness element relevant to soccer players’ performance and to the risk of injury (Suarez-Arrones et al, 2018) especially in young soccer players (Munguia-Izquierdo et al, 2018)
A recent study compared a variety of field methods with Dualenergy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) for the assessment of fat-free mass (FFM) in elite youth male soccer players (Munguia-Izquierdo et al, 2018) and showed that only the body density equations proposed by Durnin and Womersley (1974) and Sarría et al (1998), the skinfold equation proposed by Slaughter et al (1988), and the new anthropometric soccerspecific equation proposed by Munguia-Izquierdo et al (2018) were suitable for the cross-sectional assessment of FFM in young soccer players (Munguia-Izquierdo et al, 2018)
A significant increase in FFM was shown between time points using DXA, bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and all anthropometric equations (p < 0.01)
Summary
Body composition is a key fitness element relevant to soccer players’ performance and to the risk of injury (Suarez-Arrones et al, 2018) especially in young soccer players (Munguia-Izquierdo et al, 2018). Of the different body composition components of young soccer players, fat-free mass (FFM) strongly contributes to strength and power performance (Deprez et al, 2015). A recent study compared a variety of field methods with DXA for the assessment of FFM in elite youth male soccer players (Munguia-Izquierdo et al, 2018) and showed that only the body density equations proposed by Durnin and Womersley (1974) and Sarría et al (1998), the skinfold equation proposed by Slaughter et al (1988), and the new anthropometric soccerspecific equation proposed by Munguia-Izquierdo et al (2018) were suitable for the cross-sectional assessment of FFM in young soccer players (Munguia-Izquierdo et al, 2018)
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