Validation of the Turkish Version of the Problem Areas in Diabetes Scale

Elisabeth M J Huis In ‘T Veld,Ceylan Makine,Çağatay Karşıdağ,Pinar Kadıoğlu,Kubilay Karşıdağ,Arie Nouwen,François Pouwer

doi:10.1155/2011/315068

Abstract

The Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale is a widely used self-report measure that can facilitate detection of diabetes-specific emotional distress in clinical practice. The aim of this study was to assess the factor structure and validity of the Turkish version of the PAID. A validation study was conducted among 154 patients with insulin-naïve type 2 diabetes. Participants completed the PAID, Centre for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), Insulin Treatment Appraisal Scale (ITAS), and World Health Organization-Five Well-Being Index (WHO-5) questionnaires. Exploratory factor analyses yielded a 2-factor structure, identifying a 15-item “diabetes distress” factor and a 5-item “support-related issues” factor. The total PAID-score and the two dimensions were associated with higher levels of depression and poor emotional well-being. In the present study, the Turkish version of the PAID had satisfactory psychometric properties, however, the factorial structure was found to differ from factor solutions from other countries.

Highlights

Type 2 diabetes is an increasingly common, often burdensome illness
The Cerrahpasa University Hospital had a higher prevalence of depression (CES-D ≥ 16) than the Istanbul University Clinic (19% versus 32%, ρ < 0.05)
Higher scores on the total Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) and its subscales scores were significantly associated with higher levels of depression (CES-D) scores and a more negative appraisal of insulin therapy (ITAS scores), and with higher ratings of having problems with the regulation of blood glucose levels

Summary

Introduction

Type 2 diabetes is an increasingly common, often burdensome illness. People living with type 2 diabetes have a chronic condition to cope with, but they are faced with the presence and/or the prospect of serious complications [1]. In depressed diabetes patients, increased levels of diabetes-specific emotional distress were found [3, 4]. Diabetes-specific stressors were found to be associated with less adequate self-care and impaired glycemic control [5, 6]. The recognition rates of high levels of diabetes-specific emotional distress appeared to be low [7]. It seems important that diabetes health care providers and diabetes researchers have access to instruments that can assess disease-specific emotional distress in a valid and reliable way. One widely used instrument is the Problem Areas in Diabetes (PAID) scale. The PAID is a 20-item self-report survey that assesses a range of emotional problems related to having type 1 or type 2 diabetes. Higher PAID scores were associated with lower levels of adherence to treatment and with higher levels of depression and HBA1c [10, 11]

Objectives

Methods

Conclusion