Abstract
BackgroundPsychiatric problems have been commonly reported in patients with migraine. This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) in patients with migraine.MethodsSubjects were recruited from a headache clinic and a neuropsychologist examined their GAD using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview-Plus Version 5.0.0 (MINI). Subjects completed several instruments, including the GAD-7, the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), the Headache Impact Test-6 (HIT-6), and the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life (MSQoL).ResultsAmong 146 participants, 32 patients (21.9 %) had GAD as determined by the MINI. Cronbach’s α for the GAD-7 and GAD-2 were 0.915 and 0.820, respectively. At a cutoff score of 5, the GAD-7 had a sensitivity of 78.1 %, a specificity of 74.6 %, a positive predictive value (PPV) of 46.3 %, and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 92.4 %. At a cutoff score of 1, the GAD-2 had a sensitivity of 84.4 %, a specificity of 72.8 %, a PPV of 46.6 %, and a NPV of 94.3 %. The scores of the GAD-7 and GAD-2 well correlated with the BAI score, the MIDAS score, the HIT-6 score, and the MSQoL score.ConclusionsThe GAD-7 and GAD-2 are both reliable and valid screening instruments for GAD in patients with migraine.
Highlights
Psychiatric problems have been commonly reported in patients with migraine
A diagnosis of migraine was based on the International Classification of Headache Disorders, 3rd edition, beta version [18]
The validity of the generalized anxiety disorder (GAD)-7 and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) was determined by correlation with scores from the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI), the Migraine Disability Assessment Scale (MIDAS), the Headache Impact Test (HIT)-6, and the Migraine-Specific Quality of Life (MSQoL)
Summary
This study investigated the reliability and validity of the Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 (GAD-7) and Generalized Anxiety Disorder-2 (GAD-2) in patients with migraine. In a systemic review of population-based studies, the overall prevalence of migraine worldwide was 11 %, with prevalence rates of 6 % in males and 14 % in females [1]. Migraine represents a public health problem with an enormous burden to both individual patients and society [2]. Psychiatric problems have been commonly reported in patients with migraine. In a Korean hospital-based study, 36.3 % of patients with migraine had depression and 23.1 % revealed anxiety by self-report questionnaires [3]. In an Italian multicenter study, 23.1 % of patients with migraine exhibited major depressive disorder (MDD)
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