Abstract
This study validates the hourly satellite based and reanalysis based global horizontal irradiance (GHI) for sites in South Africa. Hourly GHI satellite based namely: SOLCAST, Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), and Satellite Application Facility on Climate Monitoring (CMSAF SARAH) and two reanalysis based, namely, fifth generation European Center for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric reanalysis (ERA5) and Modern-Era Retrospective Analysis for Research and Applications (MERRA2) were assessed by comparing in situ measured data from 13 South African Weather Service radiometric stations, located in the country’s six macro climatological regions, for the period 2013–2019. The in situ data were first quality controlled using the Baseline Surface Radiation Network methodology. Data visualization and statistical metrics relative mean bias error (rMBE), relative root mean square error (rRMSE), relative mean absolute error (rMAE), and the coefficient of determination (R2) were used to evaluate the performance of the datasets. There was very good correlation against in situ GHI for the satellite based GHI, all with R2 above 0.95. The R2 correlations for the reanalysis based GHI were less than 0.95 (0.931 for ERA5 and 0.888 for MERRA2). The satellite and reanalysis based GHI showed a positive rMBE (SOLCAST 0.81%, CAMS 2.14%, CMSAF 2.13%, ERA5 1.7%, and MERRA2 11%), suggesting consistent overestimation over the country. SOLCAST satellite based GHI showed the best rRMSE (14%) and rMAE (9%) combinations. MERRA2 reanalysis based GHI showed the weakest rRMSE (37%) and rMAE (22%) combinations. SOLCAST satellite based GHI showed the best overall performance. When considering only the freely available datasets, CAMS and CMSAF performed better with the same overall rMBE (2%), however, CAMS showed slightly better rRMSE (16%), rMAE (10%), and R2 (0.98) combinations than CMSAF rRMSE (17%), rMAE (11%), and R2 (0.97). CAMS and CMSAF are viable freely available data sources for South African locations.
Highlights
Solar radiation is the electromagnetic radiation or energy emitted from the surface of the Sun because of the fusion of atoms inside the sun [1]
This study aims to contribute to the reviewed literature by quantifying the errors between the in situ measured global horizontal irradiance (GHI) and estimated gridded datasets such as to validate satellite-based datasets (SOLCAST, Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS), and CMSAF Solar Radiation Data Record—Heliosat Edition 2 (SARAH)) and reanalysis-based datasets (ERA5 and MERRA2) relative to quality controlled in situ data from 13 reference stations managed by the South African Weather Services (SAWS)
The study validated hourly global horizontal irradiance (GHI) from three satellitebased GHI datasets and two reanalysis based GHI datasets against quality-controlled hourly in situ GHI recorded at 13 radiometric stations in South Africa
Summary
Solar radiation is the electromagnetic radiation or energy emitted from the surface of the Sun because of the fusion of atoms inside the sun [1]. Accurate knowledge of GHI is important for the technical and economic evaluation of solar energy technologies [3,4,5,6,7,8] and in the development and validation of empirical models [6]. Amongst the myriad of applications, GHI is important in climate change and environmental studies, agricultural sciences, hydrology, atmospheric research [6,7], and in astronomy [6]. GHI is important in assessing ultraviolet effects on health as well as in material science [6], and in the development of a typical meteorological year of a country. Obtaining true solar measurements at a location is important
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