Vagal afferent-mediated inhibition of a nociceptive reflex by intravenous serotonin i the rat. I. Characterization

Abstract

The effect of intravenous (i.v.) serotonin (5-HT) on nociception and blood pressure in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Intravenous 5-HT produced a dose-dependent (6–192 μg/kg, i.v.) inhibition of the nociceptive tail-flick (TF) reflex in lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized ( ED50 = 40 μg/kg) and conscious rats ( ED50 = 44 μg/kg). In the lightly pentobarbital-anesthetized rat, the blood pressure response to i.v. 5-HT was typically a triphasic response with a marked Bezold-Jarisch reflex-induced decrease in pressure (associated with a brief period of apnea) followed by a pressor phase and a subsequent delayed hypotension. In the conscious rat, the response was typically biphasic with the late hypotensive phase absent. A variety of anatomical and pharmacological manipulations were to characterize the 5-HT-induced inhibition of the TF reflex and associated changes in blood pressure. Prevention of 5-HT-induced reflex apnea by artificial ventilation did not affect inhibition of the TF reflex produced by 5-HT. Pharmacological manipulations were performed to mimic, as closely as possible, the acute increases and decreases in blood pressure associated with i.v. 5-HT. Nitroprusside (8 μg/kg, i.v.) produced a decrease in blood pressure of similar magnitude and rate as that associated with the Bezold-Jarish reflec-induced decrease in pressure produced by 72 μg/kg 5-HT, but did not change TF latency from baseline. Similarly, acute increases in pressure produced by phenylphrine (8 μg/kg, i.v.), intended to mimic the secondary pressor effect of 5-HT, did not change TF latency. The short-acting ganglion blocker trimethaphan (5 mg/kg, i.v.) closely mimicked the late hypotensive phase produced by 5-HT but again resulted in no change in TF latency. Pretreatment with the ganglion blocker chlorisondamine (2.5 mg/kg) abolished all depressor responses to 72 μg/kg 5-HT, but did not significantly affect the TF reflex. These results indicate that acute changes in blood pressure and respiration associated with i.v. 5-HT do not contribute to inhibition of the TF reflex. This conclusion was confirmed in experiments in which bilateral vagotomy abolished approximately 70% of the 5-HT-induced inhibition of the TF reflex (and all depressor responses), and resulted in a significantly greater pressor response. Finally, low thoracic spinal cord transection (T 9–10) abolished the inhibition of the TF reflex produced by i.v. 5-HT. Therefore, 5-HT stimulates vagal afferents and inhibits the TF reflex by activating descending inhibitory system from the brainstem. Taken together with the behavioral responses observed, these results support the notion that 5-HT, when administered i.v., is a noxious stimulus.