Abstract
It is pointed out that generalized Atiyah-Patodi-Singer η-invariants naturally appear in the thermodynamic potential describing the equilibrium properties of a localized system of relativistic interacting fermions. Under circumstances to be specified, externalU(1) gauge fields induce oscillating charge distributions which should be experimentally detectable for strong Coulomb fields produced by highly stripped large-Z atoms. Casimir energy shifts result be the same mechanism.
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