Abstract
The coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has infected more than 26 million individuals and caused 871,166 deaths globally. Various countries are racing against time to find a vaccine for controlling the rapid transmission of infection. The selection of antigen targets to trigger an immune response is crucial for vaccine development strategies. The receptor binding domain of the subunit of spike 1 protein is considered a promising vaccine candidate because of its ability to prevent attachment and infection of host cells by stimulating neutralizing antibodies. The vaccine is expected to mount a sufficient immunogenic response to eliminate the virus and store antigenic information in memory cells for long-term protection. Here, we review the ongoing clinical trials for COVID-19 vaccines and discuss the immune responses in patients administered an adequate dosage to prevent COVID-19.
Highlights
Within a span of twenty years, several outbreaks have been caused by members of the coronavirus family, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002–2003, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, and SARSCoV-2, which has recently caused a full-blown pandemic
Because the recently reported virus is genetically similar to SARS-CoV, it has been named as SARS-CoV-21
A study using a modified cytopathogenic neutralization test based on the direct SARS-CoV-2 test and ELISA showed that patients with poor clinical classification have higher neutralizing antibody titers (p=0.0227)[54]
Summary
Within a span of twenty years, several outbreaks have been caused by members of the coronavirus family, such as severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) in 2002–2003, Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in 2012, and SARSCoV-2, which has recently caused a full-blown pandemic. When a viral infection occurs, macrophages, dendritic cells, and neutrophils slow the development of the virus and prevent it from causing symptoms through a nonspecific innate immune response. Adaptive immune responses, intended to eliminate infected cells and viral particles, involve T lymphocytes (T cells) and B lymphocytes (which produce antibodies)[37].
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