V2G Strategy for Primary Frequency Control of an Industrial Microgrid Considering the Charging Station Operator

Sheeraz Iqbal,Salman Salman,Atta Ul Munim Zaki,Haseeb Ur Rehman,Muhammad Fahad Shinwari,Ai Xin,Mohamed Abdelkarim Abdelbaky,Mishkat Ullah Jan

doi:10.3390/electronics9040549

Abstract

Electric vehicles (EVs) have been receiving greater attention as a tool for frequency control due to their fast regulation capability. The proliferation of EVs for primary frequency regulation is hampered by the need to simultaneously maintain industrial microgrids dispatch and EV state of charge levels. The current research aims to examine the operative and dominating role of the charging station operator, along with a vehicle to grid strategy; where, indeterminate tasks are executed in the microgrid without the EVs charging/discharging statistics. The role of the charging station operator in regulation is the assignment of the job inside the primary frequency control capacity of electric vehicles. Real-time rectification of programmed vehicle to grid (V2G) power ensures electric vehicles’ state of charge at the desired levels. The proposed V2G strategy for primary frequency control is validated through the application of a two-area interconnected industrial micro-grid and another microgrids with renewable resources. Regulation specifications are communicated to electric vehicles and charging station operators through an electric vehicle aggregator in the proposed strategy. At the charging station operator, V2G power at the present time is utilized for frequency regulation capacity calculation. Subsequently, the V2G power is dispatched in light of the charging demand and the frequency regulation. Furthermore, V2G control strategies for distribution of regulation requirement to individual EVs are also developed. In summary, the article presents a novel primary frequency control through V2G strategy in an industrial microgrid, involving effective coordination of the charging station operator, EV aggregator, and EV operator.

Highlights

Fossil fuels have been one of the major contributors in the growing apprehension surrounding climate change
Since electric vehicles (EVs) customers were random in terms of their frequency and time spent at charging stations, the current research assumed normally distributed scenarios encompassed by the up and down limit for description of battery state of charge (SOC) levels
The assimilation of EVs in the industrial microgrids (IMGs) solely impacted the generating unit’s power output in the context of primary frequency control (PFC). This was mainly due to the EVs and generating units taking a combined responsibility for PFC

Summary

Introduction

Fossil fuels have been one of the major contributors in the growing apprehension surrounding climate change. The use of transportation utilizing conventional fuels has contributed approximately. 15% of net global carbon emissions [1]. To cope with this predicament, electric vehicles (EVs) are gaining more and more popularity, with global stock reaching 5 million in 2018, increasing by over. The incessant energy concerns and climate corrections suggest a further growth in the replacement of conventional automobiles by electric ones in the future [3]. EVs are regarded as the new energy vehicles drawing greater interest, owing to their higher efficiencies and higher performance [4]. There has been a mushroom growth of industrial microgrids (IMGs), largely stemming from the conglomeration of relatively smaller industries into large ones and the concomitant installation of distributed energy resources (DERs)

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