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Abstract
After nearly a century with internal combustion engines dominating the transportation sector, it now appears that electric vehicles (EVs) are on the brink of enjoying rapid development due to numerous useful features they possess, such as less operational cost and reduced carbon emissions. EVs can act as load as well as source, by utilizing the technique known as Vehicle-to-Grid (or Grid-to-Vehicle technique if EVs are used as a load). This technique adds key features to an industrial microgrid in the form of primary frequency control and congestion management. In this paper, two controllers (grid regulation and charger controller) are proposed by considering different charging profiles, state of charge of electric vehicle batteries, and a varying number of electric vehicles in an electric vehicle fleet. These controllers provide bidirectional power flow, which can provide primary frequency control during different contingencies that an industrial microgrid may face during a 24-hour period. Simulation results prove that the proposed controllers provide reliable support in terms of frequency regulation to an industrial microgrid during contingencies. Furthermore, simulation results also depict that by adding more electric vehicles in the fleet during the vehicle-to-grid mode, the frequency of an industrial microgrid can be improved to even better levels. Different case studies in this article constitute an industrial microgrid with varied distributed energy resources (i.e. solar and wind farm), electric vehicles fleet, industrial and residential load along with diesel generator. These test cases are simulated and results are analyzed by using MATLAB/SIMULINK.
Highlights
Ever-increasing energy demand, emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), and depletion of energy resources are the leading contributors to climate change and environmental pollution across the world
AND DISCUSSION different contingencies have been simulated over a course of a day and the proposed charging strategy has been checked for frequency regulation
The control scheme is implemented through grid regulation and charger controllers which provide bidirectional power flow
Summary
Ever-increasing energy demand, emission of carbon dioxide (CO2), and depletion of energy resources are the leading contributors to climate change and environmental pollution across the world. Different charging profiles of EVs are considered, and based on SOC of charging profile state estimation in percentage is calculated, which determines whether the particular EV is in charging mode or regulation (discharging) mode These controllers ensure bidirectional power flow, which controls the primary frequency of an industrial microgrid. Charging stations are designed in such a way that EVs batteries charge can be controlled when they are connected to the industrial microgrid; and in the meantime, it provides voltage and frequency support during the various grid disturbances faced by industrial microgrid during the day. Conclusions are presented, which depicts that by employing a bidirectional charging strategy through grid regulation and charger controllers, frequency deviations can be reduced to a significant margin. A test case is implemented and studied using MATLAB/SIMULINK software
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