UV-Vis absorption spectrophotometry and LC-DAD-MS-ESI(+)-ESI(−) coupled to chemometrics analysis of the monitoring of sulfamethoxazole degradation by chlorination, photodegradation, and chlorination/photodegradation

Abstract

Sulfamethoxazole (SMX) is one of the most widely used antibiotics worldwide and has been detected at high concentrations in wastewater treatment plant effluents and river waters. In this study, the SMX degradation process combining the simultaneous chlorine oxidation and UV photodegradation is assessed and compared with both photodegradation and chlorine oxidation processes individually. Photodegradation and Chlorine/UV tests were performed using Suntest CPS equipment. Different experimental techniques, including UV–Visible spectrophotometry and liquid chromatography coupled to a diode array detector and positive and negative ionization mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-MS-ESI(+)-ESI(−)), were used to evaluate the degradation reaction of SMX.All the analytical data generated have been processed with the Multivariate Curve Resolution–Alternating Least Squares (MCR-ALS) method to monitor, resolve, and identify the several transformation products generated during the studied degradation processes. A new data fusion analysis strategy is proposed to examine the three processes simultaneously (with only photodegradation, only chlorination, and simultaneous chlorination+photodegradation). Combined with the analysis of different analytical techniques individually (spectrophotometry, LC-DAD, and LC-MS), the fusion of all generated data improved the description of the degradation processes.Detection using DAD allowed a better correspondence among the species monitored spectrophotometrically (UV–Vis) with those analyzed chromatographically. On the other side, detection using MS in both positive and negative acquisition modes allowed resolving a larger number of chemical compounds (specially SMX degradation subproducts) that could not be detected by UV–Vis spectrometry. The results obtained permitted the comparison of the effects produced by the three different degradation processes.