Abstract
A survey experiment was conducted during the 2018 cropping season to assess the utilization of herbicides by farmers in Kogi state. The study was carried out through the use of structured questionnaires administered to nine hundred (900) farmers across five (5) Local Government Areas (LGAs), (three villages per LGA and 20 farmers in each village were sampled) in each of the three senatorial districts of the state.Results showed that farmers across the three senatorial districts were mostly males (79%), married (78.7%) illiterates (55.31%) and aged (41-60 years). Very few farmers had post secondary education with Kogi west taking the lead (6.7%). A large proportion of farmers (94.6%) applied herbicides on their farms by using mostly (72.8%) CP15 sprayers which were most often borrowed. Results also indicated that in the three senatorial districts, majority of famers (91%) did not put on protective attire during spraying operation and mostly (82.4%) used milk tin in dispensing herbicides into the spray tank. The survey revealed that inspite of high acceptability of herbicides as a means of weed control, most farmers did not observe safety measures and purchased chemicals from the open market. Therefore, there is the need for advocacy by the State Ministry of Agriculture and Agricultural Development Project (ADP) in order to reverse the trend for optimum herbicide utilization in the state.
Highlights
The focus in this study is directed to the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT), comprised of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip
The OPT forms 22.3% of the total area (27,000 km2) of Historical Palestine (Figure 1), whereby the West Bank forms around 20.9% and the Gaza Strip forms less than 1.4% of the total area of Historical Palestine
The almost total control of the Israeli occupation authorities on water resources in the OPT, as they control no less than 90% of the Palestinian water resources [8, 9], leaving only 10% to be used by the 5.1 million Palestinians for the domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes
Summary
The focus in this study is directed to the Occupied Palestinian Territories (OPT), comprised of the West Bank, including East Jerusalem, and the Gaza Strip. 3. The almost total control of the Israeli occupation authorities on water resources in the OPT, as they control no less than 90% of the Palestinian water resources [8, 9], leaving only 10% to be used by the 5.1 million Palestinians (living in the OPT: West Bank and Gaza Strip) for the domestic, agricultural, and industrial purposes. Left: Map of the Occupied Palestinian West Bank, showing its division into Area A, Area B, and Area C, according to the 1993/1995Oslo Agreements (after [19]; Right: Map of the Gaza Strip, showing the groundwater level in m (middle) and water quality, in terms of chlorite and nitrate concentrations (left and right) of the Coastal Aquifer System (CAS) (after [10].). The climate change impacts, including temperature increase, rainfall decrease, drought, and changes in the arrival of the rainy season [20,21,22,23,24,25,26]
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