Abstract
Water yield is a key ecosystem function index, directly impacting the sustainable development of the basin economy and ecosystem. Climate and land use/land cover (LULC) changes are the main driving factors affecting water yield. In the context of global climate change, assessing the impacts of climate and LULC changes on water yield in the alpine regions of the Qinghai–Tibet Plateau (QTP) is essential for formulating rational management and development strategies for water resources. On the basis of the Integrated Valuation of Ecosystem Services and Tradeoffs (InVEST) model, we simulated and analyzed the spatiotemporal variations and the impacts of LULC and climate changes on water yield from 2001 to 2019 in the upstream regions of the Shule River Basin (USRB) on the northeastern margin of the QTP. Three scenarios were designed in the InVEST model to clearly analyze the contributions of climate and LULC changes on the variation of water yield. The first scenario integrated climate and LULC change into the model according to the actual conditions. The second scenario was simulation without LULC change, and the third scenario was without climate change. The results showed that (1) the InVEST model had a good performance in estimating water yield (coefficient of determination (R2) = 0.986; root mean square error (RMSE) = 3.012, p < 0.05); (2) the water yield significantly increased in the temporal scale from 2001 to 2019, especially in the high altitude of the marginal regions (accounting for 32.01%), while the northwest regions significantly decreased and accounted for only 8.39% (p < 0.05); (3) the spatial distribution of water yield increased from the middle low-altitude regions to the marginal high-altitude regions; and (4) through the analysis of the three scenarios, the impact of climate change on water yield was 90.56%, while that of LULC change was only 9.44%. This study reveals that climate warming has a positive impact on water yield, which will provide valuable references for the integrated assessment and management of water resources in the Shule River Basin.
Highlights
Ecosystem service function refers to the natural environmental conditions and utilities that the ecosystem forms and maintains to promote human survival and development [1,2], which include supply, regulation, support, and culture according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [3]
The annual actual evapotranspiration varied spatially from 0.00 to 515.30 mm; the higher values were found in the east of the northwest and low-altitude regions of the southeast, while lower values were observed in the west of the northwest and marginal regions of the southeast of the whole upstream regions of the Shule River Basin (USRB) (Figure 4C)
We found that water yield significantly increased in the USRB from 2001 to 2019, which was similar to the study of Lü et al and was at odds with the studies of Pan, Zhao, and Zhang et al The different outcomes often related to the difference in the climatic conditions of the study areas and the time scales of the studies
Summary
Ecosystem service function refers to the natural environmental conditions and utilities that the ecosystem forms and maintains to promote human survival and development [1,2], which include supply, regulation, support, and culture according to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment [3]. Many ecosystem service functions are of great importance to human wellbeing, especially those related to water [4,5]. Water yield is one of the important indices of regulation function of the ecosystem in watersheds and plays a critical role in agriculture, industry, fisheries, domestic activities, etc. The water yield plays a crucial role in the sustainable development of these abovementioned sectors and directly impacts the regional economy and society [7,8]. The spatiotemporal variation of water yield is crucial for the allocation of water resources between regions [9]. Evaluation and analysis of the spatiotemporal variations of water yield and the driving factors are helpful to realize the effective management and protection of water resources, especially for alpine areas
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