Abstract
The diagnosis and treatment of the behaviors associated with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) predominantly involves pharmacological interventions. Many children experience significant negative side effects (e.g., appetite suppression, insomnia, headaches, stomachaches, irritability, and impaired height) from the initial and continued use of stimulant medication. Consequently, many parents are motivated to consider alternative treatments for ADHD such as neurofeedback. This paper presents an archival review of the improvements in auditory and visual attention and response control after 40 sessions of artifact-corrected neurofeedback for 51 children ages 6 to 17 with ADHD. Initially, the majority of these clients were identified as having severe to extreme auditory and visual attention impairments. The IVA-2 CPT was administered prior to treatment and after 20 and 40 treatment sessions were completed. After 20 sessions of neurofeedback significant improvements of both auditory and visual attention and response control were found with small to large size effects. The clients continued to improve after an additional 20 sessions, with medium to large size effects after 40 sessions. At completion of treatment the mean of eight of the nine attention and response control scores fell within the “normal” range.
Highlights
According to Visser, Zablotsky, Holbrook, Danielson, and Bitsko (2015), about 11% of children, or some 6.4 million school-aged children (i.e., > 1 in 10), in the United States have been diagnosed with AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
Contributing factors to the increased diagnosis of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) will be discussed, coupled with a discussion on using neurofeedback as an alternative treatment method for ADHD. The purpose of this archival study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment for children who presented with a variety of attentional and behavioral symptoms including anxiety, panic attacks, learning, concentration difficulties, sleep disorders, depression, and memory concerns
This resulted in a determination that the p value test of significance criterion needed to be .03 for the nine paired t-tests that were completed. Given that it was expected based on past research studies that neurofeedback would result in positive changes in both auditory and visual attention, one-tail t-test values were used in assessing significance
Summary
According to Visser, Zablotsky, Holbrook, Danielson, and Bitsko (2015), about 11% of children, or some 6.4 million school-aged children (i.e., > 1 in 10), in the United States have been diagnosed with AttentionDeficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). The percentage of children diagnosed with this disorder increased 42% between the years 2003 to 2012 (Visser et al, 2015). Contributing factors to the increased diagnosis of ADHD will be discussed, coupled with a discussion on using neurofeedback as an alternative treatment method for ADHD. The purpose of this archival study was to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of neurofeedback treatment for children who presented with a variety of attentional and behavioral symptoms including anxiety, panic attacks, learning, concentration difficulties, sleep disorders, depression, and memory concerns. It was hypothesized that the Integrated Visual and Auditory Continuous Performance Test – Version 2 (IVA-2 CPT) global measures of visual and auditory attention
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