Abstract
We have successfully manufactured a new electrode modified with bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) using carbon nanotubes (CNTs). The electrode was fabricated to detect cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and indium (In) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DP-ASV). The electrode surface was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the reduction and oxidation processes were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques. Operational parameters such as electrode size, bismuth concentration, and electrolytic background were optimized. The DP-ASV method used fabricated electrodes with a linear response range from 1.5–20 μg·L−1with Cd(II) and Pb(II) and 2.5–20 μg·L−1with In(III); low detection limit (LOD) of 0.22 μg·L−1with Cd(II), 0.65 μg·L−1with In(III), and 0.26 μg·L−1with Pb(II); and good repeatability with relative standard deviations (RSD) of 2.65%, 2.51%, and 3.34% with Cd(II), Pb(II), and In(III), respectively (n = 8). The electrode can be used to test the content of Cd(II), In(III), and Pb(II) in water.
Highlights
Introduction e Cd andPb determination is very important because of their toxic effects to environment and humans [1]
We have successfully manufactured a new electrode modified with bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) using carbon nanotubes (CNTs). e electrode was fabricated to detect cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and indium (In) by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DP-ASV). e electrode surface was studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the reduction and oxidation processes were studied by cyclic voltammetry (CV) techniques
The results were compared with those of graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy (GF-AAS). e accuracy of the method is Journal of Chemistry evaluated by using the sediment certified reference material (CRM) and graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry (GF-AAS)
Summary
Received 13 March 2019; Revised 30 May 2019; Accepted 27 June 2019; Published 2 September 2019. We have successfully manufactured a new electrode modified with bismuth oxide (Bi2O3) using carbon nanotubes (CNTs). Several compounds of In can cause cancer and are toxic [2] Some analytical methods such as atomic absorption spectrometry (AAS) [3,4,5,6,7,8], inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) [9,10,11], and inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP-AES) [12,13,14,15,16] have been applied to analyse Cd(II), In(III), and Pb(II). E Metrohm 797 VA Computrace (Switzerland) with the working electrode (WE) was the CPE modified with Bi2O3 using CNTs. For AAS measurements, a PerkinElmer 3300, USA, was used. Oxygen was removed from the analytical solution by exposing to pure nitrogen gas for 5 minutes
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