Usefulness of Extended Holter ECG Monitoring for Serious Arrhythmia Detection in Patients with Heart Failure and Sleep Apnea

Abstract

In patients with systolic heart failure (HF), coexisting sleep apnea may promote arrhythmia. Ambulatory Holter electrocardiogram (ECG) monitoring (AECG) is a method of arrhythmia and apnea evaluation. We hypothesized that 24-hour AECG in patients with HF who have a high risk of serious arrhythmia may be less accurate than AECG extended to 48 hours and that, moreover, arrhythmia may be related to apnea. Eighty-four recordings of 48-hour AECG in 84 patients with ischemic HF (mean ejection fraction 34 ± 7%) were analyzed. Day 1, Day 2 were checked for ventricular tachycardia (VT) and supraventricular tachycardia (SVT). Estimated apnea-hypopnea index (est.AHI) was calculated using Holter, monitoring where est.AHI >15 indicates apnea. In 48-hour AECG, VT occurred in 34 patients (40.5%) whereas SVT in 17 patients (20.2%), and patients with est.AHI>15 had higher VT occurrence. In two-sample one-sided test for proportions, 24-hour AECG from Day 1 showed a significantly lower percentage of patients with detected VT than 48-hour AECG-it was 23.8% (20 patients), meaning a significant underestimation with P = 0.0089. We assessed VT underestimation in the subgroups with regard to est.AHI, and found that it was present in Day 1 monitoring in the subgroups with est.AHI>15. It was absent in the subgroups with est.AHI≤15 and also in Day 2 monitoring. In patients with systolic HF, 24-hour AECG may have insufficient sensitivity regarding serious arrhythmia occurrence. If significant apnea was detected in the first day, extending the monitoring may be recommended.