Abstract
An artificial pancreas (AP) computes the optimal insulin dose to be infused through an insulin pump in people with Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) based on information received from a continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) sensor. It has been recognized that exercise is a major challenge in the development of an AP system. The use of biometric physiological variables in an AP system may be beneficial for prevention of exercise-induced challenges and better glucose regulation. The goal of the present study is to find a correlation between biometric variables such as heart rate (HR), heat flux (HF), skin temperature (ST), near-body temperature (NBT), galvanic skin response (GSR), and energy expenditure (EE), 2D acceleration-mean of absolute difference (MAD) and changes in glucose concentrations during exercise via partial least squares (PLS) regression and variable importance in projection (VIP) in order to determine which variables would be most useful to include in a future artificial pancreas. PLS and VIP analyses were performed on data sets that included seven different types of exercises. Data were collected from 26 clinical experiments. Clinical results indicate ST to be the most consistently important (important for six out of seven tested exercises) variable over all different exercises tested. EE and HR are also found to be important variables over several types of exercise. We also found that the importance of GSR and NBT observed in our experiments might be related to stress and the effect of changes in environmental temperature on glucose concentrations. The use of the biometric measurements in an AP system may provide better control of glucose concentration.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease in which people cannot properly regulate their blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production and/or insulin resistance
The goal of the present study is to find a correlation between biometric variables and changes in glucose concentration via partial least squares (PLS)
The PLS model output Y is defined as the slope of glucose change within the analyzed intervals (periods that subjects were exercising and after)
Summary
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease in which people cannot properly regulate their blood glucose levels due to inadequate insulin production and/or insulin resistance. This leads to hyperglycemia (high blood glucose concentration) because insulin, a hormone produced by the pancreas, is deficient or ineffective in reducing the blood glucose concentration (BGC). Sensors 2017, 17, 532 patients require daily administration of exogenous insulin to survive. People with T1D use one of two main approaches to deliver exogenous insulin: insulin injections or insulin pump therapy. Insulin injections are usually administered subcutaneously in 3–5 doses daily; insulin pumps are used to infuse a programmed basal dose of insulin subcutaneously 24/7 with bolus doses before meals. An artificial pancreas (AP) automates insulin pumps by using a closed-loop controller that receives information from sensors, computes the optimal insulin amount to be infused, and manipulates the infusion rate of the pump
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