Abstract

The introduction of information and communication technologies in the educational process of teaching various disciplines is becoming increasingly important. Accordingly, the issue of application of these technologies in the teaching of chemical disciplines is relevant, namely the study of the possibility of using virtual laboratories in Chemistry as an interactive learning tool to improve the learning process and provide opportunities for professional and research skills. The purpose of the article is to study the possibilities of using virtual laboratories in the process of teaching chemical disciplines and to determine the opinion of students on the effectiveness of this type of activity. The following research methods are used in the article: theoretical – analysis of scientific publications on the research problem; systematization and generalization of information; empirical – questionnaires and analysis of its results.
 The article considers the advantages and disadvantages of using virtual Chemistry laboratories in the educational process. The article analyzes the concept of «virtual laboratory» and gives the definition of a virtual laboratory of Chemistry as a software environment that allows to form practical skills by conducting laboratory experiments, simulating the sequence of actions of the researcher in real laboratory (or managing chemical plants by robotic means) with use of computer models or contactless (remotely) with real equipment and reagents. We consider the virtual Chemistry laboratories available on the Internet, which provides free access to the educational resources and explores their didactic and methodological opportunities to increase the level of formation of practical skills and abilities during chemical experiments. It is established that the use of a virtual laboratory in Chemistry contributes to the formation of practical skills in conducting interactive laboratory classes with further consolidation in real conditions; provides an individual pace of mastering the skills of chemical experiment; allows students to explore processes that require special conditions; increases the motivation to master new material by working in a virtual environment that is familiar and interesting for the modern student; provides realization of its independent preparation for performance of experiments in real laboratory conditions. It is substantiated the use of virtual laboratories in Chemistry cannot substitute the traditional performance of laboratory work, but is only a supplementary form.

Highlights

  • ȽȺɅɂɇȺ ɆȺɊɌɂɇɘɄɊɨɡɝɥɹɧɭɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɿ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿɣ ɡ ɯɿɦɿʀ ɜ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɿɯ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ ©ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿɹa ɬɚ ɩɨɞɚɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿʀ ɡ ɯɿɦɿʀ ɹɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ ɳɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɡ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɛɟɡɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɿɣɧɨ ɡ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɿ ɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɧɚɜɢɱɤɢ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɿɜ ɿɦɿɬɭɸɱɢ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɿɣ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿʀ ɚɛɨ ɤɟɪɭɸɱɢ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ Ɋɨɡɝɥɹɧɭɬɨ ɧɚɹɜɧɿ ɜ ɿɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɿ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿʀ ɡ ɯɿɦɿʀ ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɛɟɡɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɬɚ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɨ ʀɯ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɧɿ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɭɦɿɧɶ ɬɚ ɧɚɜɢɱɨɤ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɿɜ ȼɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿʀ ɡ ɯɿɦɿʀ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɭɦɿɧɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɿɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɡ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɟɦɩ ɨɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ ɧɚɜɢɱɤɚɦɢ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɭ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɹɤɿ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɽ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɿɸ ɞɨ ɨɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɨɦ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ ɳɨ ɽ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɢɦ ɬɚ ɰɿɤɚɜɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɛɭɜɚɱɚ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɿɜ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɨɩɢɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɨɛɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿɣ ɜ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɚ ɽ ɥɢɲɟ ʀɯ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɇɚɭɤɨɜɿ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɋɟɪɿɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɤɚ ± ±ʋ.

  • ɁȼɈ ɹɤɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢɦɟ ɿ ɨɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɧɹɦɢ ɿ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɿ ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɶ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ Ɍɨɦɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɱɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ ɩɿɞɪɭɱɧɢɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɿ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɢ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿʀ ɬɨɳɨ ɓɨɛ ɨɰɿɧɢɬɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿɣ ɜ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɿɯ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ ɧɚɦɢ ɛɭɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɨɩɢɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɡɞɨɛɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɡ¶ɹɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɞɭɦɤɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɬɚɤɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦɭ

  • Ɂɜɿɬ ɩɪɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫɎɨɪɦɚ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɝɪɭɩɨɜɚ ɛɚɝɚɬɨ ɪɚɡɨɜɨ ɜɿɞɫɭɬɧɹ ɤɨɧɫɬɪɭɤɬɨɪ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɢɣ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɚ. Ɉɰɿɧɸɜɚɧɧɹ ± ɮɨɪɦɚ ± ɜɢɞ ɝɪɭɩɨɜɟ ɭɫɧɟ ɩɢɫɶɦɨɜɟ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɟ ɬɟɫɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɍɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɳɨ ɡɞɨɛɭɜɚɱɿ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɡɚɝɚɥɨɦ ɩɿɞɬɪɢɦɭɸɱɢ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɭ ɮɨɪɦɭ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɭ ɜɿɞɡɧɚɱɚɸɬɶ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɭ ɛɚɝɚɬɨɪɚɡɨɜɨɝɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɿɜ ɭ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿʀ ɚ.

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Summary

ȽȺɅɂɇȺ ɆȺɊɌɂɇɘɄ

Ɋɨɡɝɥɹɧɭɬɨ ɩɟɪɟɜɚɝɢ ɿ ɧɟɞɨɥɿɤɢ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿɣ ɡ ɯɿɦɿʀ ɜ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɶɨɦɭ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɿɯ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ ɉɪɨɚɧɚɥɿɡɨɜɚɧɨ ɩɨɧɹɬɬɹ ©ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɚ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿɹa ɬɚ ɩɨɞɚɧɨ ɜɢɡɧɚɱɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿʀ ɡ ɯɿɦɿʀ ɹɤ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɧɨɝɨ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɚ ɳɨ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɡ ɤɨɦɩ¶ɸɬɟɪɧɢɦɢ ɦɨɞɟɥɹɦɢ ɚɛɨ ɛɟɡɤɨɧɬɚɤɬɧɨ ɞɢɫɬɚɧɰɿɣɧɨ ɡ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɢɦ ɨɛɥɚɞɧɚɧɧɹɦ ɿ ɪɟɚɤɬɢɜɚɦɢ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɿ ɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɬɚ ɧɚɜɢɱɤɢ ɲɥɹɯɨɦ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɿɜ ɿɦɿɬɭɸɱɢ ɩɨɫɥɿɞɨɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɞɿɣ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɧɢɤɚ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɿɣ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿʀ ɚɛɨ ɤɟɪɭɸɱɢ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɭɫɬɚɧɨɜɤɚɦɢ ɪɨɛɨɬɢɡɨɜɚɧɢɦɢ ɡɚɫɨɛɚɦɢ Ɋɨɡɝɥɹɧɭɬɨ ɧɚɹɜɧɿ ɜ ɿɧɬɟɪɧɟɬɿ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿʀ ɡ ɯɿɦɿʀ ɹɤɿ ɧɚɞɚɸɬɶ ɛɟɡɤɨɲɬɨɜɧɢɣ ɞɨɫɬɭɩ ɞɨ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɯ ɪɟɫɭɪɫɿɜ ɬɚ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɟɧɨ ʀɯ ɞɢɞɚɤɬɢɱɧɿ ɿ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɿ ɦɨɠɥɢɜɨɫɬɿ ɞɥɹ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɟɧɧɹ ɪɿɜɧɹ ɫɮɨɪɦɨɜɚɧɨɫɬɿ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɭɦɿɧɶ ɬɚ ɧɚɜɢɱɨɤ ɩɿɞ ɱɚɫ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɹ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɿɜ ȼɫɬɚɧɨɜɥɟɧɨ ɳɨ ɜɢɤɨɪɢɫɬɚɧɧɹ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨʀ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿʀ ɡ ɯɿɦɿʀ ɫɩɪɢɹɽ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɸ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɱɧɢɯ ɭɦɿɧɶ ɩɪɢ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɧɿ ɿɧɬɟɪɚɤɬɢɜɧɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɡ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɭ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɿɧɞɢɜɿɞɭɚɥɶɧɢɣ ɬɟɦɩ ɨɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ ɧɚɜɢɱɤɚɦɢ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɨɝɨ ɟɤɫɩɟɪɢɦɟɧɬɭ ɞɚɽ ɡɦɨɝɭ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɠɭɜɚɬɢ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɢ ɹɤɿ ɩɨɬɪɟɛɭɸɬɶ ɫɩɟɰɿɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜ ɩɿɞɜɢɳɭɽ ɦɨɬɢɜɚɰɿɸ ɞɨ ɨɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ ɧɨɜɢɦ ɦɚɬɟɪɿɚɥɨɦ ɡɚ ɪɚɯɭɧɨɤ ɪɨɛɨɬɢ ɜ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɨɦɭ ɫɟɪɟɞɨɜɢɳɿ ɳɨ ɽ ɛɥɢɡɶɤɢɦ ɬɚ ɰɿɤɚɜɢɦ ɞɥɹ ɫɭɱɚɫɧɨɝɨ ɡɞɨɛɭɜɚɱɚ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɽ ɪɟɚɥɿɡɚɰɿɸ ɫɚɦɨɫɬɿɣɧɨʀ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɞɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɞɨɫɥɿɞɿɜ ɜ ɪɟɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɭɦɨɜɚɯ ɉɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɟ ɨɩɢɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɡɞɨɛɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɨɫɬɿ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿɣ ɜ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɜɢɜɱɟɧɧɹ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧ ɞɨɡɜɨɥɹɽ ɤɨɧɫɬɚɬɭɜɚɬɢ ɳɨ ɬɚɤɚ ɮɨɪɦɚ ɨɪɝɚɧɿɡɚɰɿʀ ɡɚɧɹɬɶ ɧɟ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɚ ɡɚɦɿɧɢɬɢ ɬɪɚɞɢɰɿɣɧɟ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɢɯ ɪɨɛɿɬ ɚ ɽ ɥɢɲɟ ʀɯ ɞɨɩɨɜɧɟɧɧɹɦ ɇɚɭɤɨɜɿ ɡɚɩɢɫɤɢ ɋɟɪɿɹ ɩɟɞɚɝɨɝɿɤɚ ± ±ʋ. ɁȼɈ ɹɤɚ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɭɜɚɬɢɦɟ ɿ ɨɜɨɥɨɞɿɧɧɹ ɬɟɨɪɟɬɢɱɧɢɦɢ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɦɢ ɡɧɚɧɧɹɦɢ ɿ ɪɨɡɭɦɿɧɧɹ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɩɪɨɰɟɫɿɜ ɿ ɡɚɤɪɿɩɥɟɧɧɹ ɨɬɪɢɦɚɧɢɯ ɡɧɚɧɶ ɿ ɮɨɪɦɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɨʀ ɤɨɦɩɟɬɟɧɬɧɨɫɬɿ Ɍɨɦɭ ɧɚɜɱɚɥɶɧɨ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɟ ɡɚɛɟɡɩɟɱɟɧɧɹ ɯɿɦɿɱɧɢɯ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧ ɩɨɜɢɧɧɨ ɜɤɥɸɱɚɬɢ ɪɨɛɨɱɭ ɩɪɨɝɪɚɦɭ ɞɢɫɰɢɩɥɿɧɢ ɩɿɞɪɭɱɧɢɤɢ ɦɟɬɨɞɢɱɧɿ ɪɟɤɨɦɟɧɞɚɰɿʀ ɬɟɫɬɨɜɿ ɡɚɜɞɚɧɧɹ ɟɥɟɤɬɪɨɧɧɿ ɩɨɫɿɛɧɢɤɢ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɿ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿʀ ɬɨɳɨ ɓɨɛ ɨɰɿɧɢɬɢ ɟɮɟɤɬɢɜɧɿɫɬɶ ɜɩɪɨɜɚɞɠɟɧɧɹ ɜɿɪɬɭɚɥɶɧɢɯ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɿɣ ɜ ɨɫɜɿɬɧɿɣ ɩɪɨɰɟɫ ɩɿɞɝɨɬɨɜɤɢ ɦɚɣɛɭɬɧɿɯ ɮɚɯɿɜɰɿɜ ɧɚɦɢ ɛɭɥɨ ɩɪɨɜɟɞɟɧɨ ɨɩɢɬɭɜɚɧɧɹ ɫɟɪɟɞ ɡɞɨɛɭɜɚɱɿɜ ɜɢɳɨʀ ɨɫɜɿɬɢ ɞɥɹ ɡ¶ɹɫɭɜɚɧɧɹ ʀɯɧɶɨʀ ɞɭɦɤɢ ɳɨɞɨ ɬɚɤɨʀ ɮɨɪɦɢ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɧɹ ɥɚɛɨɪɚɬɨɪɧɨɝɨ ɩɪɚɤɬɢɤɭɦɭ

Ɂɜɿɬ ɩɪɨ ɜɢɤɨɧɚɧɭ ɪɨɛɨɬɭ ɪɭɤɨɩɢɫ
KWWS FKHPFROOHFWLYH RUJ KRPH ɞɚɬɚ ɡɜɟɪɧɟɧɧɹ
KWWSV LGR WVX UX ILOHV SXE
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