Abstract
Hybrid photochemical methods are considered for water disinfection in which treatment with ultraviolet (UV) and ultrasonic (US) radiations are combined (US/UV) and applied consecutively or simultaneously; the use of catalysts is also included. The literature survey shows that inactivation of pathogenic microorganisms in aquatic media by high-frequency US (>100 kHz) has not been studied adequately, whereas only low-frequency (<100 kHz) US and low-pressure mercury vapor lamps (254 nm) were used in hybrid US/UV methods. Irradiation with high-frequency US generates reactive oxygen species (primarily hydroxyl radicals) in greater proportions, and a synergistic effect is observed when UV irradiation is included in treatment. Therefore, the use of high-frequency US and mercury-free UV sources in hybrid oxidizing systems, including those based on Fenton-like processes, is promising for intensifying disinfection processes and improving their effectiveness.
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