Abstract
Thermal black (TB) is one of the purest and cleanest forms of carbon black (CB) commercially available. TB is manufactured by the decomposition of natural gas in the absence of oxygen while the common furnace CB is derived from the burning of organic oil. TB has a larger particle size, a lower surface area, and lower level of particle aggregation, while being the most eco-friendly grade among the CB family. This study is the first-time evaluation of TB as filler in composites and hybrids based on thermoplastics such as polypropylene (PP), polyamide 6 (PA6), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS). TB loadings in composites were varied from 1 up to 40 wt. % and, in hybrids, the TB was used in combination with carbon fibers (CFs) at total contents up to 20 wt. %. TB-containing composites and hybrids based on PA6 and ABS were also extruded in filaments, used in 3D printing, and the obtained 3D printed parts were characterized. TB provided a very high loadability in thermoplastics while preserving their viscosity and performance. TB can replace a fraction of expensive CFs in composites without important changes in the composites’ performance. The composites and hybrids exhibited electrical resistivity and good mechanical and thermal properties when compared to commercial compounds, while enabling significant cost savings. TB also showed to be an excellent coloring agent. TB proved to be an outstanding eco-filler for compounds to be used in injection molding and 3D printing technologies.
Highlights
The global carbon black (CB) market, evaluated at around 15 billion USD, is currently one of the most mature
Composites and hybrids based on different thermoplastic polymers, such as PP, polyamide 6 (PA6), polyphenylene sulfide (PPS), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), containing different concentrations of a novel eco-filler, the thermal black Thermal black (TB) N990, were formulated, compounded, and characterized
N990 particles were used in thermoplastics to produce materials for injection molding and for 3D
Summary
The global CB market, evaluated at around 15 billion USD, is currently one of the most mature. The terminology carbon black refers in a generic way to many grades of commercial CB manufactured by different methods. The most common manufacturing method is the furnace black process. It consists in burning aromatic oils in a reactor to form CB particles and a tail gas mixture from which the CB is separated, densified, and processed into pellets of a variety of grades and sizes. The regular furnace black manufacturing process requires between 1.8 and 2.5 tons of oil to produce one ton of CB [3,4]. The resultant tail gas contains CO2 , CO, sulphur compounds, CH4 , and non-methane volatile organic compounds. A portion of this tail gas is generally burned for energy recovery, while the other portion is vented
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