USE OF PROSTHESIS IN A CAPARACE FRACTURE OF Chelonoidis carbonarius (Testudines: Testudinidae)

A pneumonia é uma doença respiratória comum na clínica de répteis. Agentes infecciosos são capazes de causar pneumonia primária em répteis mantidos em cativeiro, porém na maioria dos casos, são secundárias a problemas de manejo, higiene e nutricionais. O objetivo desse trabalho foi relatar a ocorrência de pneumonia bacteriana em jabuti-piranga (Chelonoidis carbonaria), e descrever o diagnóstico clínico, microbiológico, radiográfico e a conduta terapêutica. O animal apresentava sinais de distúrbios respiratórios e foi descrito durante a anamnese que houve um diagnostico anterior de pneumonia. Os achados radiográficos foram sugestivos de pneumonia/edema pulmonar. Baseado nos exames radiográficos e sinais clínicos apresentados iniciou-se o tratamento com administração de Cloranfenicol (40mg/kg/SID/IM) por 10 dias. Foram isoladas Klebsiella spp. e Citrobacter spp. da cultura bacteriana realizada da coleta de lavado endotraqueal. Ambas com perfil de resistência múltipla aos antibióticos testados. Instituiu-se protocolo terapêutico utilizando Gentamicina (5mg/kg/IM), em sete aplicações com intervalos de 72h. Após o segundo protocolo terapêutico notou-se melhora dos sinais clínicos do animal, porém foi observada a persistência de secreção nasal. Foi realizado novo exame radiográfico, demonstrando discreta diminuição na opacidade do campo pulmonar direito e nenhuma alteração significativa no campo pulmonar esquerdo na projeção craniocaudal. Devido à permanência do sinal clínico apresentado, nova coleta de material endotraqueal foi realizada, e houve isolamento de Citrobacter spp. e Enterobacter spp. A partir dos resultados obtidos no antibiograma, instituiu-se novo protocolo com uso de amicacina (2,5mg/kg/IM), em sete aplicações com intervalos de 72h. Após antibioticoterapia, outro exame radiológico foi realizado, e demonstrou redução satisfatória do quadro pulmonar, e sinais clínicos.

ABSTRACT: Herein it was describe sonographic morphology and sintopy of the bowels of the coelomic cavity in the red-footed tortoise. Coelomic cavity of 19 males and 19 females were scanned through cervical and prefemoral access with a multifrequency sector transducer. Morphology, syntopy and echogenicity of the heart, thyroid, liver, gallbladder, reproductive organs, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, urinary bladder and kidneys were evaluated. The heart showed two atria and one ventricle with a thick, trabecular wall. The thyroid was oval and hyperecoic, visualized in the cardiac portion of the ultrasound. The liver, gallbladder and digestive system were similar to those seen in mammals and turtles. However, the tortoise liver was relatively more hyperechoic than mammals. The kidneys appeared as triangular structures, which were hypoechoic, homogeneous and vascularized; the bladder was observed mostly as being elongated with anechoic content, and its wall appeared as a thin hyperechoic line when free fluid was present. The testes were observed to be elongated, homogeneous and more hyperechoic than kidneys. The ovarian follicles were seen as hyperechoic, echogenic balls of variable size and quantity, the oviduct as a sigmoid tubular structure and the eggs as thin hyperechoic lines with posterior acoustic shadowing. In some animals, there were variable amounts of fluid around the heart and in the coelomic cavity.

Background: Acrylic resin as basic material for denture will stay on oral mucosa for a very long time. The polymerization of acrylic resin can be performed by conventional method and microwave, both produce different residual monomer at different toxicity. Acrylic resin can absorb solution, porous and possibly absorb disinfectantt as well, that may have toxic reaction with the tissue. Sodium Hypochlorite as removable denture disinfectant can be expected to be biocompatible to human body. The problem is how biocompatible acrylic resin which has been processed by conventional method and microwave method after being soaked in sodium hypochlorite solution. Purpose: The aim of this study was to understand in vitro biocompatibility of acrylic resin which has polimerated by conventional method and microwave after being soaked in sodium hypochlorite using tissue culture. Methods: Four groups of acrylic resin plate were produced, the first group was acrylic resin plate with microwave polymeration and soaked in sodium hypochlorite, the second group was acrylic resin plate with microwave polymeration but not soaked, the thirdwas one with conventional method and soaked and the last group was one with conventional method but not soaked, and in 1 control group. Each group consists of 7 plates. Biocompatibility test was performed in-vitro on each material using fibroblast tissue culture (BHK-21 cell-line). Result: The percentage between living cells and dead cells from materials which was given acrylic plate was wounted. The data was analyzed statistically with T test. Conclusion: The average value of living cells is higher in acrylic resin poimerization using microwave method compared to conventional method, in both soaked and non soaked (by sodium hypochlorite) group. This means that sodium hypochlorite 0.5% was biocompatible to the mouth mucosa as removable denture disinfectant for 10 minutes soaking and washing afterwards.

There have been many reports on fatal distortion of heat-activated acrylic denture-base resin which is still widely used in the field of removable prosthodontics. However, these reports have failed to report quantitatively on polymerization and thermal shrinkage factors. In the present study, we attempted to verify that the shrinkage of heat-activated acrylic denture-base resin was caused mainly by thermal contraction after processing. Furthermore, we examined the degree of distortion resulting from long, low-temperature processing, and compared the results with that of the conventional method. The strain gauge and thermo-couple were embedded in a specimen at the time of resin packing. The measurement started from the beginning of processing and continued until the specimen was bench-cooled and immediately before and after it was de-flasked, as well as during seven-day immersion in water at 37 degrees C. The resin expanded when processed by the conventional method. Meanwhile, mild shrinkage, possibly polymerization shrinkage, was observed when the resin was processed by the low-temperature method. This suggested that polymerization shrinkage was compensated for by thermal expansion during processing by the conventional method. Moreover, the shrinkage strains in the period from the completion of processing to immediately after de-flasking, in both the conventional and low-temperature methods, were identical to the theoretical value of thermal shrinkage which we obtained by multiplying the linear coefficients of thermal expansion by temperature differences. The shrinkage strain in the specimen processed by the low-temperature method, measured from the end of processing to immediately after de-flasking, averaged 64% of that in the specimen processed by the conventional method. The results revealed quantitatively that the shrinkage of heat-activated acrylic denture-base resin was mainly thermal shrinkage, and demonstrated the advantage of the low-temperature method in reducing thermal shrinkage.

Background: the common problem in prosthodontics is a fracture of the denture base and it represents an annoyance for the dentists. Therefore, the option of increasing repair strength using new reinforcement materials is of great interest to prosthodon- tists. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of using a special type of acrylic o-cry1 in repair instead of heat cure acrylic resins and different surface treatments on impact bond strength using Ivomet and conventional curing methods. Materials and Methods: One hundred thirty specimens of heat acrylic resins were constructed. There are 2 main groups accord- ing to curing methods (Ivomet and conventional method curing). For each group, there were 6 groups according to the surface treatments used (untreated, monomer, thiner, zirconium oxide, glass fiber and butt joint with monomer) as well as control group. Results: The study showed that the control group had a higher value of impact strength than other groups which were cured by conventional method. For Ivomet curing, the butt joint with monomer and glass fiber groups improved the impact bond strength in comparison to other groups. Conclusion: the butt joint with monomer treatment and glass fiber groups have improved the impact strength of the repaired acrylic resins when using Ivomet compared with other groups. On the other hand, the use of thiner and zirconium oxide reduced the impact bond strength when using the conventional curing method. The use of Ivomet device in curing samples improved the impact strength of acrylic repaired with O-cry1.

Background:Conventional heat cure poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA) is the most commonly used denture base resin despite having some short comings. Lengthy polymerization time being one of them and in order to overcome this fact microwave curing method was recommended. Unavailability of specially designed microwavable acrylic resin made it unpopular. Therefore, in this study, conventional heat cure PMMA was polymerized by microwave energy.Aim and Objectives:This study was designed to evaluate the surface porosities in PMMA cured by conventional water bath and microwave energy and compare it with microwavable acrylic resin cured by microwave energy.Materials and Methods:Wax samples were obtained by pouring molten wax into a metal mold of 25 mm × 12 mm × 3 mm dimensions. These samples were divided into three groups namely C, CM, and M. Group C denotes conventional heat cure PMMA cured by water bath method, CM denotes conventional heat cure PMMA cured by microwave energy, M denotes specially designed microwavable acrylic denture base resin cured by microwave energy. After polymerization, each sample was scanned in three pre-marked areas for surface porosities using the optical microscope. As per the literature available, this instrument is being used for the first time to measure the porosity in acrylic resin. It is a reliable method of measuring area of surface pores. Portion of the sample being scanned is displayed on the computer and with the help of software area of each pore was measured and data were analyzed.Results:Conventional heat cure PMMA samples cured by microwave energy showed maximum porosities than the samples cured by conventional water bath method and microwavable acrylic resin cured by microwave energy. Higher percentage of porosities was statistically significant, but well within the range to be clinically acceptable.Conclusion:Within the limitations of this in-vitro study, conventional heat cure PMMA can be cured by microwave energy without compromising on its property such as surface porosity.

The body cavity region contains organs and is an essential region for skeletal muscle segmentation. This study proposes a method to segment body cavity regions using U-Net with focus on the oblique abdominal muscles. The proposed method comprises two steps. First, the body cavity is segmented using U-Net. Subsequently, the abdominal muscles are identified using recognition techniques. This is achieved by removing the segmented body cavity region from the original computerized tomography (CT) images to obtain a simplified CT image for training. In this image, the visceral organ regions are masked by the body cavity; ensuring that the organs therein are excluded from the segmentation target in advance which has been a primary concern in the conventional method of skeletal muscle segmentation. The segmentation accuracies of the body cavity and oblique abdominal muscle in 16 cases were 98.50% and 84.89%, respectively, in terms of the average dice value. Furthermore, it was observed that body cavity information reduced the number of over-extracted pixels by 36.21% in the segmentation of the oblique abdominal muscles adjacent to the body cavity, improving the segmentation accuracy. In future studies, it could be beneficial to examine whether the proposed simplification of CT images by segmentation of body cavities is also effective for abdominal musculoskeletal muscles adjacent to body cavities divided by tendon ends, such as the rectus abdominis.

We can only form straight hole in a material by the conventional method, drilling and laser machining etc. First aim of this study is to develop 3D laser drilling method of acrylic resin. The feature of the method is using a steel ball and a laser beam. The steel ball was on acrylic resin board and heat by laser beam in an experiment. When acrylic resin was melt by the heat ball, the ball entered into the resin board and pass it through. Furthermore, we moved or rotated the acrylic resin board during the laser 3D drilling. As a result, we were able to accomplished 3D laser drilling of acrylic resin. On the other hand, Second aim of this study is to develop inner machining method of acrylic resin. We developed a new one in this paper. The feature is using Ultra-short pulsed laser processing and thermal process. A lot of micro crack were formed in a acrylic resin by the focused laser. Then, in thermal process, we found out a lot of micro crack were continued and expanded 3D space.

The injection of acrylic resin into vessels is an excellent method for macroscopically and microscopically observing their three-dimensional features. Conventional methods can be enhanced by removal of the polymerization inhibitor (hydroquinone) without requiring distillation, a consistent viscosity of polymerized resin, and a constant injection pressure and speed. As microvascular corrosion cast specimens are influenced by viscosity, pressure, and speed changes, injection into different specimens yields varying results. We devised a method to reduce those problems. Sodium hydroxide was used to remove hydroquinone from commercial methylmethacrylate. The solid polymer and the liquid monomer were mixed using a 1 : 9 ratio (low-viscosity acrylic resin, 9.07 ± 0.52 mPa•s) or a 3:7 ratio (high-viscosity resin, 1036.33 ± 144.02 mPa•s). To polymerize the acrylic resin for injection, a polymerization promoter (1.0% benzoyl peroxide) was mixed with a polymerization initiator (0.5%, N, N-dimethylaniline). The acrylic resins were injected using a precise syringe pump, with a 5-mL/min injection speed and 11.17 ± 1.60 mPa injection pressure (low-viscosity resin) and a 1-mL/min injection speed and 58.50 ± 5.75 mPa injection pressure (high-viscosity resin). Using the aforementioned conditions, scanning electron microscopy indicated that sufficient resin could be injected into the capillaries of the microvascular corrosion cast specimens.

Chelonians are gradually more present in the routine of non-conventional animals in veterinary clinics, centers and hospitals, demanding vast knowledge of capable professionals to provide specialized care. In this way, the anesthesia of reptiles becomes even more challenging, since their anatomical and physiological characteristics are different when compared to other animal groups. The present study aimed to report the anesthetic techniques and procedures used in a specimen of a 10-year-old Red-footed tortoise (Chelonoidis carbonaria), weighing 1.54 kg. The chelonian was submitted to plastrotomy and enterotomy to remove foreign bodies. In his anamnesis, it was found that the animal had penile prolapse, constipation and severe tenesmus for four days. The radiographic evaluation revealed five radiopaque, amorphous and irregular structures in the colic region, which ranged from 2.04 cm to 0.50 cm, and after an unsuccessful attempt at conservative treatment, surgical treatment was chosen. As pre-anesthetic medication, dexmedetomidine (30 ug/kg), methadone (1 mg/kg), dextroketamine (10 mg/kg) and midazolam (1 mg/kg) were used. Subsequently, induction was performed with propofol (2.5 mg/kg) in the subcarapacial venous sinus, followed by venous access in the jugular vein with a 24G catheter and administration of an intravenous bolus of propofol (5 mg/kg). After muscle relaxation, the animal was intubated using a number 2.0 endotracheal tube (uncuffed) and continuous infusion of propofol at a rate of 100 ug/kg/min for anesthetic maintenance. Intraoperative analgesia was performed by coccygeal epidural block with lidocaine without vasoconstrictor (0.2 mL/5 cm of carapace). Among the physiological parameters monitored, heart and respiratory rate, capnography and cloacal temperature stand out, which remained stable throughout the anesthetic period. At the end of the procedure, dexmedetomidine and midazolam were reversed with atipamezole (0.03 mg/kg) and flumazenil (0.01 mg/kg), respectively. His extubation occurred 20 minutes after the end of the surgical procedure, and his post-anesthetic recovery was uneventful.

Objectives: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of autoclave polymerization method on the tensile strength of the polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) acrylic denture base resins. Materials and Methods: Total of 60 specimens were fabricated from four different denture base materials such as three heat polymerized dental resins Meliodent, Paladent, and QC-20 and one microwave polymerized resin Acron MC. The tensile strength tests were performed. Results: Acron-MC showed the highest tensile strength value, QC-20, Paladent and Meliodent were followed in order for the control group. Acron MC was significantly different than the other acrylic resins for the control and autoclave polymerization 10 minutes groups (p<0.01). Autoclave polymerized acrylic resin specimens showed higher tensile strength values than the control groups (p<0.01). There was no significant difference between the increasing time of autoclave polymerization methods 10 minutes and 20 minutes (p>0.01) Conclusion: Within the limitations of the study, autoclave polymerization method may provide a stronger alternative to conventional polymerization methods. Autoclave polymerization method provides high temperature that the activation ratio of cross-linking agents (glycoldimethacrylate) can be increased.

Stainability of acrylic resin materials used in CAD-CAM and conventional complete dentures

Aims: To evaluate the porosity that occur in the acrylic resin denture base polymerized by the microwave cycle and conventional water bath with two different thickness, relation between the thickness of specimen and its percentage of porosity. Material and methods: Forty rectangular resin specimens with the following dimensions (65×40×6mm), (65×40×3mm) were subdivided according to polymerization method into microwave cycle and conventional heat polymerization method to obtain 10 specimens with different polymerization method and thickness, for each one of 4 groups. Porosity was calculated by measure the specimen volume before and after its immersion in water, data were analyzed by student t–test analysis at ( p< 0.05). Results: Showed that specimens of (6mm) that cured by microwave polymerization method showed significantly higher percentage of porosity when compared to the same thickness of conventional water bath polymerized acrylic resin at (p<0.05), while no significant difference between the percentage porosity of the conventional and microwave heat cured acrylic resin of (3mm) thickness specimens. Also there is no significant difference between the thickness of specimen and the conventional water bath method of heat cured acrylic resin. While for microwave curing method of heat cured acrylic resin there is significant difference for increase of percentage of porosity with increase of thickness of specimens. Conclusions: The conventional acrylic resin of (≥3mm) specimens thickness can be polymerized with microwave curing method safely with less porosity , while for (≥ 6mm) specimens thickness is preferred to be polymerized by conventional water bath curing method

Comparison of material properties and biofilm formation in interim single crowns obtained by 3D printing and conventional methods

Background: Poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) seems to be the most commonly used material in the construction of denture base due to its advantages. However, it is still far from being ideal in fulfilling the physical and mechanical properties. Therefore, attempts to improve the properties of PMMA were taken by the researcher through many ways The purpose of this study was to estimate the effect of different processing techniques on surface roughness of acrylic base denture resin. Materials and Methods: A total sample of (50) specimens were prepared; these specimens were divided into 3 main processing techniques, and 5 experimental sub-groups (n=10): Group (A), acrylic denture base material processed by conventional water bath technique (74C for 1 and half hours then boiled for 30 min; Group (B), acrylic resins processed by microwave oven at (500 Watts) for 3 min; Group (C) samples processed by autoclave device with 3 different timing set up : (C1) for l0 min, (C2) for 20 min and (C3) for 30 min. This is done to make a comparison of different autoclave polymerization conditions on the surface roughness of denture base resin. Results: Statistically, there was no significant difference between the traditional water bath group technique and an autoclave system when the specimen processed at (121C/210Kpa) for 30 min. However, there was a statistically significant difference compared to other experimental groups. Conclusion: The autoclave processing technique could be the new alternative system to process the acrylic resin base material alongside the conventional methods. The experimental group prepared by autoclave system at (121C/21Kpa) for 30 min showed an improvement in the surface roughness compared to microwave and water bath techniques.