USE OF MONOCLONAL ANTIBODIES TO HUMAN CYTOKINES IN DIAGNOSTIC AND ANALYTICAL STUDIES

Abstract

The use of human monoclonal antibodies in diagnostics and analytical studies is determined by the rapid development of technologies and approaches in the field of immunology and clinical laboratory diagnostics. Cytokines, as biologically active substances, play a key role in the regulation of immunity, inflammation and other physiological processes. The use of monoclonal antibodies to cytokines provides an opportunity to accurately determine their concentration and study the interaction with other molecules in clinical studies. The development of new diagnostic methods and analytical studies using monoclonal antibodies opened up prospects for increasing the accuracy and sensitivity of the determination of various diseases. This is especially important in the context of medicine, where accurate diagnosis becomes fundamental for choosing the optimal method. Aim. The purpose of this work was to analyze the possibilities and advantages of using monoclonal antibodies to human cytokines in diagnostics and analytical studies, in particular their use in immunological biosensors, for monitoring the immunological status of patients after organ transplantation and diagnosing oncological diseases. Methods. A comprehensive review of literature was conducted, encompassing multiple databases including Medline (PubMed), Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and other relevant sources up to the year 2024. Keywords employed in the search included biosensors, cell markers, monoclonal antibodies, leukemia and Western blotting, transplantation. Results. The paper investigated the potential and advantages of using human monoclonal antibodies to cytokines in medical diagnostics and analytical research. Their application in biosensors for precise determination of cytokine concentrations, immunophenotyping of blood cells and tissues, diagnosing tumors of various histogenesis, treating leukemias and lymphomas, determining immunological status and composition of the immune system cells were analyzed. The methodology of comprehensive immunological examination after organ transplantation and treatment, including аcquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS), was also considered. Conclusions. Monoclonal antibodies, effective in biosensors, are used in various fields such as biological research, clinical diagnostics, and environmental monitoring. Their use has limitations, such as cost, complexity of acquisition, and potential loss of signal sensitivity. Immunophenotyping allows the identification of blood cells based on their markers, which is important for hematological diagnostics. Immunohistochemical tissue studies use monoclonal antibodies to verify tumors and detect infectious diseases. Diagnosis of leukemias and lymphomas using monoclonal antibodies helps to determine tumor type and optimal treatment. Western blotting is used to determine proteins in tissues or blood, including confirming diseases such as Lyme disease or Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV infection. Flow cytometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) are also used in immunological laboratories for disease diagnosis and immune status assessment.