Abstract
Habitat degradation and species range contraction due to land use/land cover changes (LULCC) is a major threat to global biodiversity. The ever-growing human population has trespassed deep into the natural habitat of many species via the expansion of agricultural lands and infrastructural development. Carnivore species are particularly at risk, as they demand conserved and well-connected habitat with minimum to no anthropogenic disturbance. In Pakistan, the snow leopard (Panthera uncia) is found in three mountain ranges—the Himalayas, Hindukush, and Karakoram. Despite this being one of the harshest environments on the planet, a large population of humans reside here and exploit surrounding natural resources to meet their needs. Keeping in view this exponentially growing population and its potential impacts on at-risk species like the snow leopard, we used geographic information systems (GIS) and remote sensing with the aim of identifying and quantifying LULCC across snow leopard range in Pakistan for the years 2000, 2010, and 2020. A massive expansion of 1804.13 km2 (163%) was observed in the built-up area during the study period. Similarly, an increase of 3177.74 km2 (153%) was observed in agricultural land. Barren mountain land increased by 12,368.39 km2 (28%) while forest land decreased by 2478.43 km2 (28%) and area with snow cover decreased by 14,799.83 km2 (52%). Drivers of these large-scale changes are likely the expanding human population and climate change. The overall quality and quantity of snow leopard habitat in Pakistan has drastically changed in the last 20 years and could be compromised. Swift and direct conservation actions to monitor LULCC are recommended to reduce any associated negative impacts on species preservation efforts. In the future, a series of extensive field surveys and studies should be carried out to monitor key drivers of LULCC across the observed area.
Highlights
The rapidly decreasing numbers of wildlife species at local, regional, and global scales can largely be attributed to land-use and land-cover changes (LULCC)
The overall dynamics of LULCC in the study area for the study period are given in Table 3 and Figure 2
According to the snow leopard range shapefile downloaded from the IUCN website, a large proportion (69.50%) of snow leopard range spans across GB (59,373.47 km2 ), followed by Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) (20,866.22 km2 ) and Azad Jammu Kashmir (AJK) (5195.73 km2 )
Summary
The rapidly decreasing numbers of wildlife species at local, regional, and global scales can largely be attributed to land-use and land-cover changes (LULCC). LULCC are structural modifications made by humans on Earth’s terrestrial surface [1]. They can cause habitat destruction, alteration, and fragmentation. Several studies have concluded that LULCC activities are intensifying, and that wildlife habitat is increasingly being developed for agriculture and infrastructure [2,3]. Studies have shown further expansion of already built-up areas into natural habitats [6,7]. This encroachment may impact conservation hotspots, even if they are located far from urban centers [8]
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