Abstract
Diagnosis of cancer using electroanalytical methods can be achieved at low cost and in rapid assays, but this may require the combination with data treatment for determining biomarkers in real samples. In this paper, we report an immunomagnetic nanoparticle-based microfluidic sensor (INμ-SPCE) for the amperometric detection of the prostate-specific antigen (PSA) biomarker, the data of which were treated with information visualization methods. The INμ-SPCE consists of eight working electrodes, reference and counter electrodes. On the working electrodes, magnetic nanoparticles with secondary antibodies with the enzyme horseradish peroxidase were immobilized for the indirect detection of PSA in a sandwich-type procedure. Under optimal conditions, the immunosensor could operate within a wide range from 12.5 to 1111 fg·L−1, with a low detection limit of 0.062 fg·L−1. Multidimensional projections combined with feature selection allowed for the distinction of cell lysates with different levels of PSA, in agreement with results from the traditional enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The approaches for immunoassays and data processing are generic, and therefore the strategies described here may provide a simple platform for clinical diagnosis of cancers and other types of diseases.
Highlights
The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) used in clinical diagnosis is present in normal prostatic secretions, but its concentration is often elevated in prostate cancer patients
After capturing PSA with the bioconjugate (Ab2-magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs)-horseradish peroxidase (HRP)) from the standard solution, 100 μL were injected into the microfluidic channel using an injection valve, and incubated for 30 min on an anti-PSAAuNP-SPCE surface
Electrochemical immunoassays with disposable microfluidic devices led to excellent linearity, reproducibility, and fast detection at low-cost, while showing excellent agreement with the standard method enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
Summary
The prostate-specific antigen (PSA) used in clinical diagnosis is present in normal prostatic secretions, but its concentration is often elevated in prostate cancer patients. These immunomagnetic nanoparticle-based microfluidic sensors with screen-printed carbon electrodes (INμ-SPCEs) showed limits of detection of 0.23 pg·mL−1 for PSA and 0.30 pg·mL−1 for IL-6, measured in the serum of prostate cancer patients [26].
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