Abstract

Injury, poor claw health, lameness and mastitis due to fecal contamination are negative results from inadequate stockmanship or tie-stall design. These problems affect cattle welfare and increase the probability of premature culling, lost production and negative attitudes by the public toward the dairy industry. Animal-based parameters can be used to measure the cow's response to management choices. This information can be used to evaluate husbandry choices and improve animal welfare and productivity.

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