Abstract
Rice is one of the most important routes for arsenic to enter the human food chain and threatens more than half of the world’s population. In addition, arsenic-contaminated soils and waters increase the concentration of this element in various tissues of rice plants. Thus, direct or indirect—infecting livestock and poultry—increase diseases such as respiratory diseases, gastrointestinal tract, liver, and cardiovascular diseases, cancer, and ultimately death in the long term. Therefore, finding different ways to reduce the uptake and transfer of arsenic by rice would reduce the contamination of rice plants with this dangerous element and improve animal and human nutrition and ultimately disease and mortality. In this article, we aim to take a small step in improving sustainable life on earth by referring to the various methods that researchers have taken to reduce rice contamination by arsenic in recent years. Adding micronutrients and macronutrients as fertilizer for rice is one way to improve this plant’s growth and health. In this study, by examining two types of macronutrients and two types of micronutrients, their role in reducing arsenic toxicity and absorption was investigated. Therefore, both calcium and phosphorus were selected from the macronutrients, and selenium and silicon were selected from the micronutrients, whose roles in previous studies had been investigated.
Highlights
Academic Editors: Dibyendu Sarkar and Jayanta Kumar BiswasReceived: 30 July 2021Accepted: 29 August 2021Published: 31 August 2021Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.Agriculture is currently facing the challenge of providing adequate food for a growing population [1]
There are two main pathways for arsenic uptake by rice, so because we wanted to investigate the role of microelements and macroelements in reducing toxicity and uptake of arsenic, we looked at elements that have a common uptake pathway with arsenic
It enhanced activities of ascorbate content (ASA), dehydroascorbate reductase (DHAR), glyoxalase I (Gly I), glyoxalase II (Gly II), monohydric ascorbate reductase (MDHAR), superoxide (SOD), catalase (CAT), and glutathione peroxidase (GPX) compared with seedlings that were only exposed to As [159]
Summary
Publisher’s Note: MDPI stays neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. One of the most important threats to natural and human ecosystems is the pollution of water and soil resources by heavy metals and metals, which causes fundamental changes in ecosystems while their entry into the biological cycle can have devastating environmental effects [8,9]. Contamination of soils and groundwater with heavy metals has become a serious problem They harm crop production worldwide [10,11], and contaminated soil harms economic growth and development due to the negative effects on agricultural products [12,13]. Arsenic is a carcinogenic metalloid, and humans are contaminated mainly through diet and drinking water., increasing health problems [14]. The kinds of As in rice are mainly inorganic (iAs, including arsenate and arsenite), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), and dimethylarsinic acid (DMA) [18]. As are more toxic than DMA and MMA [19], and under anaerobic situations, As (III) is the prevailing type in soil solutions [20]
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