Abstract
Obesity is a state of chronic low-level inflammation closely associated with oxidative stress. Childhood obesity is associated with endothelial dysfunction, inflammation, and oxidative stress markers individually. This study was aimed at determining the association between the biomarkers of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction in urine samples of healthy, overweight, and obese children. Eighty-eight elementary school children aged between 6 and 10 years participated in this study. Anthropometric measurements were measured using WHO recommendations. The biomarkers of low-grade inflammation such as C-reactive protein (CRP), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and α-1-acid glycoprotein (AGP); oxidative stress markers such as 8-isoprostane and 8-hydroxy-2′-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG); and endothelin-1 (ET-1) were analyzed in urine samples. The area under the curve (AUC) by the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) was analyzed to identify the best urinary biomarker in childhood obesity. Linear regression and Pearson correlation were analyzed to determine the association between the parameters. The obese participants have significantly increased levels of CRP, AGP, IL-6, and 8-isoprostane compared to normal-weight participants. The overweight participants had significantly increased levels of ET-1 and 8-OHdG but not the obese group compared to the NW group. The AUC for urinary CRP (AUC: 0.847, 95% CI: 0.765-0.930; p < 0.0001) and 8-isoprostane (AUC: 0.857, 95% CI: 0.783-0.932; p < 0.0001) showed a greater area under ROC curves compared to other inflammatory and oxidative markers. The urinary CRP and 8-isoprostane significantly correlated with the obesity measures (body mass index, waist circumference, and waist-to- height ratio) and ET-1, inflammatory, and oxidative markers. The increased urinary inflammatory markers and 8-isoprostane can serve as a noninvasive benchmark for early detection of the risk of developing cardiovascular disease.
Highlights
Obesity is a major health problem with increasing rates in adults and children worldwide [1]
The objective of this study is to determine the interrelationship of inflammation, oxidative stress, and endothelial dysfunction in urinary samples to enhance the understanding of the childhood obesity risks in the pathogenesis of cardiovascular disease
This study was approved by the Auburn University Institute Review Board (IRB), and written parental/participant consent form was collected from all participants before obtaining the samples
Summary
Obesity is a major health problem with increasing rates in adults and children worldwide [1]. In the United States, around 13.7 million children and adolescents are obese [2]. In 2015, 35% of children in Alabama are overweight and obese, ranked 6th highest with obesity in the United States [3]. Obesity increases the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, musculoskeletal disorders, asthma, sleep disorders, and some cancers. Obesity results when there is a higher accumulation of body fat that could affect normal health [4]. Childhood obesity has linked with a higher chance of obesity in adulthood, reduced lifespan, premature death, and increased metabolic complications, including cardiovascular disease [5,6,7]
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