Abstract
The precise detection of uric acid (UA) has consistently been a pivotal research focus. UA plays a critical role as a diagnostic marker for various diseases, including hyperuricemia, hyperuricemic nephropathy, gout and type 2 diabetes. In recent years, there has been rapid development in UA detection. This article provides a comprehensive review of four mechanisms for UA detection: oxidation-reduction, structural specificity, optical characteristics, and mass-to-charge ratio. Based on the oxidation-reduction mechanism, we have summarized four types of peroxidase mimics: metal nanoparticles, organic frameworks, quantum dots, and active peptides. Additionally, in terms of structure specificity, we have concluded that aptamers, supramolecules, carbon dots, and imprinted polymers serve as effective recognition elements for UA detection. Furthermore, common optical techniques for detecting UA molecules include surface plasmon resonance (SPR), surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS), fluorescence quenching (FQ), and chemiluminescence (CL). Finally, this review extensively discusses a list of precise, rapid, and portable detection devices. The future evolution of the UA biosensor is set to prioritize enhancing automation, wearability and portability to enhance individuals' daily lives.
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