Abstract
The aim of this study was to find the genetic, metabolic, and nutritional risk factors, which can be associated with uric acid (UA) level. The risk factors related to uricemia were assessed among 271 postmenopausal women without cardiometabolic disorders and hypolipidemic/hypoglycemic treatment selected from a cohort of 1423 obese postmenopausal women. The bioimpedance analysis and biochemical and genetic analyses were performed in two groups characterized by serum UA ≥ 4 mg/dL (238 μmol/L) and < 4 mg/dL. The TaqMan-based real-time PCR method was applied to assess the role of Pro12Ala of peroxisome proliferation-activated receptor (PPAR)gamma-2 and Trp64Arg of beta-3-adrenergic receptor (ADRB) polymorphisms. Women with UA level ≥ 4 mg/dL were characterized by larger body mass, triceps skinfold, waist circumference, body fat amount, and serum insulin, glucose, and triglyceride levels. There was no difference in dietary habits between the analyzed groups. Body mass, waist circumference, body fat amount, diastolic blood pressure, and serum insulin, glucose, high-density lipoprotein, and triglyceride levels, Homeostasis Model Assessment-Insulin Resistance, and energy from the dietary fat influence the UA level ≥ 4 mg/dL; however, the serum UA was not determined by Pro12Ala and Trp64Arg polymorphism analyses. The model of linear regression revealed that the group characterized by body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 and glucose ≥ 100 mg/dL has 4 times increased risk of UA level (p = 0.0009); after adding triglycerides ≥ 150 mg/dL, the risk of UA increased 7 times (p = 0.0216). Increasing the level of UA ≥ 4 mg/dL is associated with overweight, hyperglycemia, and hypertriglyceridemia in women without a history of cardiometabolic disorders. A better management of metabolic factors could help prevent further increase in UA levels.
Highlights
More than 450,000 women suffer from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) annually, and more than half of them die of coronary artery disease [1]
Women characterized by ≥ 4 mg/dL uric acid (UA) level have higher body mass, triceps skinfold, waist circumference, body fat amount, diastolic blood pressure, serum insulin, glucose, and triglyceride levels, lower HDL level, and higher calculated Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), HOMA-IR, and atherogenic indexes (LDL/HDL and TG/HDL)
Many authors show the relationship between high uric acid levels (> 6 mg/dL) and the prevalence of metabolic disorders in numerous diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, gout, or non-alcoholic fatty liver disease
Summary
More than 450,000 women suffer from cardiovascular diseases (CVD) annually, and more than half of them die of coronary artery disease [1]. The factor, which contributes to the high CVD risk, is elevated uric acid (UA) level [3,4,5,6,7], which represents an indirect marker of the metabolic syndrome [8, 9]. No study has estimated such a risk in postmenopausal women without metabolic syndrome, diabetes mellitus, and severe CVDs. metabolic disorders, and genes responsible for insulin resistance and obesity such as PPAR gamma 2 and ADRB3 may contribute to the development of hyperuricemia. The Pro12Ala polymorphism of PPAR has been associated with obesity [15], insulin sensitivity and diabetes [16,17,18], as well as lipid disorders [19].
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