Urban dynamics and their implication on greenness trends: A 25-year retrospective study of the changing face of tokyo metropolitan area

Abstract

Global metropolises and their needs for green space are rising due to demographic urbanization. Some phenomena contradicted to prevailing understanding have been observed in metropolises, such as the “sprawl shrinkage” associated with the increasing built-up area despite declining populations, and the positive relationship between population and greenness. To study these storylines, we conceptualized and mapped 5 urban dynamics by cross-referencing the“increase, stable, and decrease”of built-up area and population density based on threshold values of an introduced Normalized Difference Index (NDI). Furthermore, Kruskal-Wallis H Test was used to analyze the influence of different urban dynamic patterns on 3 greenness trends (greening, browning, and stable greenspace). From 1995 to 2021, Tokyo Metropolitan Area (TMA) gradually transited from intense urban expansion to a stabilization of built-up area and population density in the city center, declining urbanization in the peri-urban areas, and “sprawl shrinkage” in the far-outskirts. Moreover, compared to other urban dynamics, the pattern of built-up areas increases with a population density reduction of over 5% were conducive to maintaining NDVI values of 0.75 or higher. In the future, the ongoing demographic urbanization is highly likely to further exacerbate the phenomenon of urban-suburban disparity and intra-suburban differentiation. We propose that Asian metropolises should enhance regional cooperation and public-private partnerships to address potential regional ecological imbalances. Additionally, it is necessary to maximize the greenness within the given urban dynamics through figuring out the spatial impact mechanisms of urban development on greenness change from a long-term perspective.