Abstract
In an effort to understand the apparent trade-off between the continual push for growth performance and the recent emergence of muscle pathologies, shotgun proteomics was conducted on breast muscle obtained at ~8 weeks from commercial broilers with wooden breast (WB) myopathy and compared with that in pedigree male (PedM) broilers exhibiting high feed efficiency (FE). Comparison of the two proteomic datasets was facilitated using the overlay function of Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA) (Qiagen, CA, USA). We focused on upstream regulator analysis and disease-function analysis that provides predictions of activation or inhibition of molecules based on (a) expression of downstream target molecules, (b) the IPA scientific citation database. Angiopoeitin 2 (ANGPT2) exhibited the highest predicted activation Z-score of all molecules in the WB dataset, suggesting that the proteomic landscape of WB myopathy would promote vascularization. Overlaying the FE proteomics data on the WB ANGPT2 upstream regulator network presented no commonality of protein expression and no prediction of ANGPT2 activation. Peroxisome proliferator coactivator 1 alpha (PGC1α) was predicted to be inhibited, suggesting that mitochondrial biogenesis was suppressed in WB. PGC1α was predicted to be activated in high FE pedigree male broilers. Whereas RICTOR (rapamycin independent companion of mammalian target of rapamycin) was predicted to be inhibited in both WB and FE datasets, the predictions were based on different downstream molecules. Other transcription factors predicted to be activated in WB muscle included epidermal growth factor (EGFR), X box binding protein (XBP1), transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGFB1) and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (NFE2L2). Inhibitions of aryl hydrocarbon receptor (AHR), AHR nuclear translocator (ARNT) and estrogen related receptor gamma (ESRRG) were also predicted in the WB muscle. These findings indicate that there are considerable differences in upstream regulators based on downstream protein expression observed in WB myopathy and in high FE PedM broilers that may provide additional insight into the etiology of WB myopathy.
Highlights
The incidence of wooden breast (WB) muscle myopathy has increased in the last several years, possibly in response to genetic selection for growth performance and a shift to heavier market weight birds [1,2,3]
As parts of the results and discussion below are concerned with comparing the WB myopathy proteomic data to a dataset obtained in pedigree male (PedM) broilers phenotyped for high and low feed efficiency (FE), a description of proteomics methods and of the animals from which samples were obtained for the two datasets is warranted
There were two major goals of this study; (1) to present an upstream regulatory factor analysis associated with wooden breast myopathy to expand our understanding of this disease and (2) to determine where contributions to WB myopathy might be linked to selection for performance in PedM broilers
Summary
The incidence of wooden breast (WB) muscle myopathy has increased in the last several years, possibly in response to genetic selection for growth performance and a shift to heavier market weight birds [1,2,3]. There have been several reports recently that have investigated WB myopathy to identify genetic signatures and histological defects in the progression of the disease (e.g., [3,4,5,6,7,8,9]). (a) phlebitis and inflammation, (b) oxidative stress and metabolic dysfunction, (c) myofiber degeneration, (d) lipid deposition and (e) development of hard pectoral muscle, in the cranial region All of these factors contribute to the poor muscle quality and lower shelf life of processed breast muscle fillets [10]. The intent of the current study is, firstly, to conduct upstream regulator analysis of WB data not previously reported in Kuttappan et al [2], and secondly, to conduct comparisons of the WB data with the proteomic data associated with feed efficiency reported by Kong et al [11]
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