Abstract
ABSTRACTObjective:To analyze the compositions of upper urinary tract stones and investigate their distributions in different gender and age groups.Materials and Methods:Patients diagnosed with upper urinary tract stone disease between December 2014 and March 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patient's age, gender, BMI, comorbidities, stone event characteristics, and compositions were collected, and proportions of stone components in different gender and age groups were analyzed.Results:A total of 1532 stone analyses were performed (992 from males and 540 from females). The mean age was younger in males (p <0.001). Males included more cases with larger BMI, hyperuricemia, and obesity, while females had more urinary tract infections. Multiple components were present in 61.8% of stones. Calcium oxalate (CaOx) (67.0%) was the most common component, followed by uric acid (UA) (11.8%), infection stone (11.4%), calcium phosphate (CaP) (8.0%), cystine (1.1%), brushite (0.4%), and 2, 8-dihydroxyadenine (0.2%). Men contributed with more CaOx stones than women at age 30-49 years (all p <0.01) and more UA stones at 30-59 years (all p <0.05). Women contributed with more infection stones than men in age groups 30-49 and 60-69 years (all p <0.05), and more CaP stones at 30-49 years. The prevalence peak was 50-59 years in men and 60-69 years in women. Both genders had the lowest prevalence in adolescence. Prevalence of UA stones increased while that of infection stones decreased with aging in both genders.Conclusions:Age and sex had a strong association with distribution of stone compositions in this Chinese cohort.
Highlights
The prevalence of urolithiasis is increasing in both developed and developing countries
A recent study based on the United States population demonstrated that demographic factors, especially gender and age, had potential effects on stone composition, reporting that younger women had more hydroapatite stones, whereas older individuals were more susceptible to uric acid stones [2]
If the stone was composed of 40% calcium oxalate monohydrate (COM), 30% calcium oxalate dehydrate (COD), and 30% calcium phosphate (CaP), it would be considered as a Calcium oxalate (CaOx) stone
Summary
The prevalence of urolithiasis is increasing in both developed and developing countries. A recent study based on the United States population demonstrated that demographic factors, especially gender and age, had potential effects on stone composition, reporting that younger women had more hydroapatite stones, whereas older individuals were more susceptible to uric acid stones [2]. Other studies from Europe have confirmed a higher prevalence of uric acid stone formation in the older population [3, 4]. Most of these studies were from Western countries and focused on Caucasians. Little has been reported about the function of age and gender on stone composition in the Chinese population, and these published studies were conducted in local hospitals in southern and eastern areas. As one of the largest stone management institutes in northern China, we reviewed a large cohort of stone analysis reports from the last 3 years and investigated the possible association of age and gender with stone composition from an epidemiological perspective
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