Abstract
AbstractWe investigate the outer radiation belt electron energy spectra of the highest fluxes observed during storms based on Van Allen Probes measurements, which demonstrate a similar shape despite various levels of geomagnetic activity. Using quasi‐linear diffusion simulations, we reproduce the observed electron acceleration by whistler‐mode chorus waves during the storm of 25 October 2016, when the maximum fluxes were close to the highest upper limit observed during the 2013–2018 period. The electrons below ∼1 MeV reached the upper limit of chorus acceleration within ∼1 day and then remained at a stable level, while the multi‐MeV electrons with sharper energy gradient were subject to the continuous acceleration process. Our results reveal the natural upper limit of electron acceleration by chorus, which strongly depends on the lower energy boundary, and the stable seed population at hundreds of keV (but not the chorus intensity) which is a prerequisite for the relativistic electron acceleration.
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