Abstract
This study is aimed at comparing muscle activations and synergies in badminton forehand overhead smash (BFOS) between elite and nonelite players to clarify how the central nervous system (CNS) controls neuromuscular synergy and activation to generate complex overhead movements. EMG of five upper limb muscles was recorded through surface electromyography (EMG) electrodes from twenty players. Athletics is divided into two groups: elite and nonelite. Eventually, nonnegative matrix factorization (NNMF) was utilized to the calculated electromyography signals for muscle synergy comparison. Similarities between elite and nonelite groups were calculated by scalar product method. Results presented that three muscles synergies could sufficiently delineate the found electromyography signals for elite and nonelite players. Individual muscle patterns were moderately to highly similar between elite and nonelite groups (between-group similarity range: 0.52 to 0.90). In addition, high similarities between groups were found for the shape of synergy activation coefficients (range: 0.85 to 0.89). These results indicate that the synergistic organization of muscle coordination during badminton forehand overhead smash is not profoundly affected by expertise.
Highlights
The badminton forehand overhead smash (BFOS) is one of the high speed and powerful motions among various racket sports [1]
If we could clarify the factor to improve the performance using muscle synergy method in the current study, muscle synergy analysis may help badminton and any other overhead motion the plan of training program to improve the performance
Three synergies were extracted from the elite athletics (VAF: 0.90 ± 0.01) and three synergies were extracted from the nonelite athletics (VAF: 0.92 ± 0.02)
Summary
The badminton forehand overhead smash (BFOS) is one of the high speed and powerful motions among various racket sports [1]. Badminton is a sport that requires a lot of overhead shoulder movement, with the shoulder in abduction and external rotation and generally proximal-to-distal sequence [2, 3]. It appears that the proximal-todistal sequencing may be inadequate to accurately describe some shoulder complex motions as overhead tasks [4]. The dynamic motion of the overhead task relies on the interaction of a series of structural and functional components of the neuromuscular system [8]
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