Unveiling the antimicrobial potency and binding interaction between sulfonamide substituted Schiff’s bases and BSA protein: An integrated experimental and theoretical approach

Abstract

Sulfonamide derived Schiff’s bases encompass significant properties such as antifungal, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antibacterial, antiproliferative, and antioxidant and hold a central position in therapeutics and diagnostics. Hence, it is essential to comprehend their interconnection with carrier proteins such as Bovine serum albumin (BSA). Herein, two different sulfonamide derived Schiff’s base derivatives,N'-(2,5-Dimethoxybenzylidene)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide SB-1 and N'-(3-Bromo-4-methoxybenzylidene)-4-methylbenzenesulfonohydrazide SB-2 were synthesized by reacting respectivealdehydes with p-toluenesulfonyl hydrazide as the amine counterpart in absolute ethanol and structurally characterized by FT-IR,1H and13C NMR, elemental analyses, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), mass spectrometry and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. The binding interactions between BSA andSB-1 and SB-2were made by employing UV–vis. absorption and fluorescence spectroscopy. Information about the binding constant was obtained from the absorbance enhancement and fluorescence quenching of BSA in the presence ofSB-1 and SB-2respectively. However, the binding efficiency ofSB-1was found to be superior to that of BSA in comparison toSB-2. The antibacterial potential ofSB-1 and SB-2 wastested on E. coliandS. aureus using thewell diffusion method.In silicoADME properties forSB-1 and SB-2were checked to assess their stability. The binding mechanisms to the specific enzymes associated with the BSA interaction and the antibacterial capabilities of theSB-1 and SB-2were further supported by molecular docking calculations. The detailed studies provide comprehensive data to support the utility of prepared Schiff’s bases as potential biomarkers in therapeutics.