Abstract
The Mars Advanced Radar for Subsurface and Ionosphere Sounding (MARSIS) instrument on the Mars Express spacecraft regularly detects the vertical and oblique echoes from the Martian ionosphere. The vertical echoes are from the normal ionosphere, while the oblique echoes due to specular reflections from oblique directions, generally due to ionization bulges in regions of strong crustal magnetic fields. In a MARSIS ionograms, the peak densities of vertical and oblique echoes are in general nearly same.
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