Unsupervised Domain Adaptation for Cloud Detection Based on Grouped Features Alignment and Entropy Minimization

Abstract

Most convolutional neural network (CNN)-based cloud detection methods are built upon the supervised learning framework that requires a large number of pixel-level labels. However, it is expensive and time-consuming to manually annotate pixelwise labels for massive remote sensing images. To reduce the labeling cost, we propose an unsupervised domain adaptation (UDA) approach to generalize the model trained on labeled images of source satellite to unlabeled images of the target satellite. To effectively address the domain shift problem on cross-satellite images, we develop a novel UDA method based on grouped features alignment (GFA) and entropy minimization (EM) to extract domain-invariant representations to improve the cloud detection accuracy of cross-satellite images. The proposed UDA method is evaluated on “Landsat- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$8~\rightarrow $ </tex-math></inline-formula> ZY-3” and “GF- <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$1\rightarrow $ </tex-math></inline-formula> ZY-3” domain adaptation tasks. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our method against existing state-of-the-art UDA approaches. The code of this paper has been made available online ( <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://github.com/nkszjx/grouped-features-alignment</uri> ).