Unknown Deformations on the Facades of the Pyramid of Khafre at Giza Pyramid Complex in Egypt

Abstract

The pyramids of Giza in Egypt are the architectural heritage of ancient civilizations and for many thousand years served as great examples of ancient design, planning and construction solutions. Their scale is grandiose and the attempts of ancient architects to find perfect forms to ensure the structure stands for eternity are admirable. The initial geometry of the structures, their form, proportions and symmetry, was adapted to construction material and technologies available at that time. However, during more than 4500 years these monuments were damaged and partly destroyed; some pyramids were razed to the ground due to construction faults and seismic activity. The second largest pyramid at Giza is the pyramid of Khafre. This monument was not reconstructed and rebuild, therefore it was chosen as an object of our study. During the time period of 2009 – 2012 the photographic documentation of the facades of this pyramid was performed, fixing the location of fractures, cracks and displacement of construction blocks. The location of major fractures and cracks was verified in situ in 2012 and confirmed the validity of the interpretations. Several types of fractures and cracks were identified. One of the types indicates the detachment of stone blocks from the massive crack. The other type refers to the long linear cracks and fracture areas traceable through the major part of the pyramid's facade, threatening the stability and integrity of the whole structure.