Abstract
BackgroundUniversal ocular screening of infants is not a standard procedure in children’s health care system in China. This pilot study investigated prevalence of ocular abnormalities of 6 weeks-age infants using wide-field digital imaging system.MethodsInfants aged 6 weeks around were consecutively enrolled in a public hospital between April 2015 and August 2016. All the infants who were enrolled in the study underwent vision assessment, eye position examination, external eye check, pupillary light reflex, red reflex examination, anterior and posterior ocular segments were examined using flashlight, ophthalmoscope, and wide-field digital imaging system.ResultsA total of 481 infants at 45.1 ± 6.1 days after birth were enrolled in the study. 198 infants had abnormal findings (41.2%). Retinal white spots and retinal white areas were the most common findings (42.9% of abnormalities and 17.7% of all infants screened). The second major finding was retinal hemorrhage (16.2% of abnormalities and 6.7% of all infants screened). Other abnormal findings include retinal pigmentation, concomitant exotropia, neonatal dacryocystitis, retinopathy of prematurity, ‘albinism-like fundus’, congenital nasolacrimal duct obstruction, familial exudative vitreoretinopathy, immature retina, corneal dermoid tumor, large physiologic cupping of optic disc, congenital persistent pupillary membrane, entropion trichiasis, subconjunctival hemorrhage, congenital cataract, vitreous hemorrhage, ptosis and choroidal nevus. Intervention of any form was required in 22 infants, which accounted for 11.1% of abnormalities detected and 4.6% of all infants screened.ConclusionUniversal ocular screening is not only necessary for preterm infants but also for full-term infants. Addition of red reflex examination with wide-field digital imaging system can enhance the sensitivity of screening for ocular fundus abnormities. Further study with a long-term follow-up is needed in the future.
Highlights
Universal ocular screening of infants is not a standard procedure in children’s health care system in China
Even in these places, sometimes the pediatricians are not comfortable using the ophthalmoscope to perform red reflex examination in infants and in most cases only an external examination of the eye is performed during the well child check-up
Four hundred eighty-one infants who underwent the infant ocular screening program at Beijing Tongren Hospital affiliated to Capital Medical University between April 2015 and August 2016 were enrolled in the study
Summary
Universal ocular screening of infants is not a standard procedure in children’s health care system in China. This pilot study investigated prevalence of ocular abnormalities of 6 weeks-age infants using wide-field digital imaging system. The American Academy of Pediatrics recommends red reflex examination as a component of ophthalmic evaluation of children It should be started in the neonatal period and continued during the routine periodic well health visits by the children’s primary care provider. In China, infants go through their first well child check-up at about six weeks of age in some big cities and tertiary hospitals Even in these places, sometimes the pediatricians are not comfortable using the ophthalmoscope to perform red reflex examination in infants and in most cases only an external examination of the eye is performed during the well child check-up. By the time parents become aware of the visual impairment in their children, Ma et al BMC Ophthalmology (2018) 18:283 the ideal time for treatment would have been missed and it could result in life-threatening consequences
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