Universal horizons and black holes in gravitational theories with broken Lorentz symmetry

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In this paper, we first show that the definition of the universal horizons studied recently in the khronometric theory of gravity can be straightforwardly generalized to other theories that violate the Lorentz symmetry, by simply considering the khronon as a probe field and playing the same role as a Killing vector field. As an application, we study static charged (D + 1)-dimensional spacetimes in the framework of the healthy (nonprojectable) Horava–Lifshitz (HL) gravity in the infrared (IR) limit, and find various solutions. Some of them represent Lifshitz spacetimes with hyperscaling violations, and some have black hole structures. In the latter, universal horizons always exist inside the Killing horizons. The surface gravity on them can be either larger or smaller than the surface gravity on the Killing horizons, depending on the spacetimes considered. Although such black holes are found only in the IR, we argue that black holes with universal horizons also exist in the full theory of the HL gravity. A simple example is the Schwarzschild solution written in the Painleve–Gullstrand coordinates, which is also a solution of the full theory of the HL gravity and has a universal horizon located inside the Schwarzschild Killing horizon.