Uniform Mixing and Association Schemes

Abstract

We consider continuous-time quantum walks on distance-regular graphs. Using results about the existence of complex Hadamard matrices in association schemes, we determine which of these graphs have quantum walks that admit uniform mixing.First we apply a result due to Chan to show that the only strongly regular graphs that admit instantaneous uniform mixing are the Paley graph of order nine and certain graphs corresponding to regular symmetric Hadamard matrices with constant diagonal. Next we prove that if uniform mixing occurs on a bipartite graph $X$ with $n$ vertices, then $n$ is divisible by four. We also prove that if $X$ is bipartite and regular, then $n$ is the sum of two integer squares. Our work on bipartite graphs implies that uniform mixing does not occur on $C_{2m}$ for $m \geq 3$. Using a result of Haagerup, we show that uniform mixing does not occur on $C_p$ for any prime $p$ such that $p \geq 5$. In contrast to this result, we see that $\epsilon$-uniform mixing occurs on $C_p$ for all primes $p$.