Abstract
In this paper, the conventional Newton–Raphson fast decoupled (NRFD) power flow formulation is extended to allow the analysis of transmission and distribution systems (T&D) in a unified approach. The proposed extension associates the well-known computational efficiency of NRFD algorithms to the application of the complex per unit normalization (cpu). Artificial power injections at T&D boundary buses are appended to the power flow formulation as new state variables, in order to maintain the analysis accuracy. The required modifications on NRFD power flow algorithm and an overview of cpu technique are presented. Simulation results attest the relevance of a unified T&D analysis to properly determine the interrelation of active distribution feeders and transmission system operation. In this context, the performance of the proposed approach clearly indicates its effectiveness to deal with different topological and operational power networks.
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