Unexpected associations of long-term and excessive exposure to trivalent chromium with hypertension and glycosuria in male tannery workers

Abstract

Serious health hazards including renal, skin and hearing disorders have been reported in Bangladeshi tannery workers (TWs) who were chronically exposed to a large amount of trivalent chromium [Cr(III)]. However, the effects of Cr(III) exposure on the prevalence of hypertension and the prevalence of glycosuria in TWs remain unknown. Since the Cr level in toenails is an established marker reflecting long-term exposure to Cr(III) in humans, the associations of Cr levels in toenails with the prevalence of hypertension and the prevalence of glycosuria in male tannery and non-tannery office workers (non-TWs) in Bangladesh were investigated in this study. The mean toenail Cr level in non-TWs (0.5 μg/g, n = 49) was comparable to that in the general population reported previously. Mean Cr levels in TWs with a low toenail Cr level (5.7 μg/g, n = 39) and those with a high toenail Cr level (298.8 μg/g, n = 61) were >10-fold and >500-fold higher, respectively, than that in non-TWs. Our univariate and multivariate analyses indicated that the prevalence of hypertension and the prevalence of glycosuria in TWs with a high toenail Cr level, but not in TWs with a low toenail Cr level, were significantly lower than those in non-TWs. This study showed for the first time that long-term and excessive exposure to Cr(III) that is more than >500-fold but not >10-fold higher than the usual exposure level could decrease the prevalence of hypertension and the prevalence of glycosuria in TWs. Thus, this study revealed unexpected effects of exposure to Cr(III) on health.