Abstract
Passive acoustics monitoring techniques have been examined as a method to remotely sense activity of glacier ice near the ice-ocean boundary [Ann. Glaciol. 53, 113–121 (2012)]. Sound from glacier calving events and the resultant breaking and bobbing of the ice after impact with the water ranges from infrasound (<10 Hz), to low-frequency (100 Hz—1 kHz), to higher frequency sound (>10 kHz) generated by breaking tsunamis and seiches after impact. Bubbles are known to form within ice during glacier formation and can be released from glaciers as they undergo submarine melting. Due to the possibility of high internal bubble pressure, this release can occur in the form of jetting or squirting events. Signals hypothesized to be from bubbles being released from melting glacier ice were measured in Unakwik Inlet and Icy Bay, Alaska using passive autonomous hydrophone moorings and near-surface recordings in the 1 kHz—3 kHz frequency range. To temporally and spatially correlate such acoustic emissions with bubble activity, a set of laboratory measurements was performed using small samples of glacier ice, and acoustic emission was positively correlated with bubble release. Taken together, these measurements support the use of passive acoustics to monitor marine glacier ice melt.
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