Abstract
The use of Kirchhoff-Huygens' integral is made to show that both amplitude and angle modulation are produced by the relative motion of the signal source and the randomly scattering ocean surface or the target with its associated random medium effects. Furthermore it is shown that these two modulation effects are statistically dependent. The case of a Doppler system where the amplitude modulation effects are essentially eliminated by hard limiting is studied. Therefore the dependence of the Doppler signal spectrum and its bandwidth on the surface roughness, as well as the angle of incidence, are derived for an operational frequency of 50 kHz. The cases of one-dimensional isotropic surfaces, as well as surfaces with along- and cross-wind, statistically independent, spatial height correlation functions are considered. The results are expressed in empirical forms to show their usefulness to system designers and operational personnel.
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