Understanding the Risk Factors and Vulnerable Populations in the Spread of Diarrhea and Typhoid Fever: Socioeconomic Influences, Malnutrition and Susceptibility among risk Groups

Abstract

Diarrhea and typhoid fever pose significant public health challenges, particularly in low- and middle-income countries where vulnerable populations such as children, the elderly, and immunocompromised individuals are disproportionately affected. This review explores key risk factors that drive the spread of these diseases, including socioeconomic influences, malnutrition, and environmental challenges. Poverty, lack of access to clean water, inadequate sanitation, and overcrowded living conditions creates fertile grounds for the proliferation of waterborne diseases. Malnutrition further weakens immune systems, making at-risk populations more susceptible to infections and their complications. This review also examines how educational attainment and health awareness impact disease prevention, with a focus on vulnerable populations. Current interventions such as water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) programs, nutritional support, and vaccination campaigns are assessed, along with policy recommendations to address root causes. Future directions emphasize integrating health interventions with broader socioeconomic development strategies to sustainably reduce the disease burden among at-risk groups. Keywords: Diarrhea, Typhoid Fever, Socioeconomic Factors, Malnutrition, Vulnerable Populations, Waterborne Diseases.